1. Bacteria 19-1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= qCn92mbWxd4 (bacteria introduction) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= qCn92mbWxd4

2. Two Kingdoms Bacteria are divided into two separate kingdoms. –Archaebacteria Able to live in very extreme environments. Lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls Different membrane lipids DNA sequences are more like eukaryotes than eubacteria –Eubacteria Represents all other bacterial cell and makes up most of the prokaryotic cells on the planet. Contains peptodoglycan in their cell walls

3. Classification of Archaebacteria Classified based upon the environment in which they are able to live. –Thermophiles Able to tolerate very high temperatures (60-100) –Able to live in hot springs or deep sea vents –Halophiles Able to tolerate very salty conditions. –Great Salt Lake, Dead Sea –Methanogens Live in anaerobic environments, such as swamps. Produce methane as a result of their metabolic processes.

4. Classification of Eubacteria Classification based upon their means of nutrient obtainment(…..how they eat.) –Photoautotrophs –Chemoautotrophs –Heterotrophs –Photoheterotrophs

5. Basic Characteristics “Ubiquitous”- they are everywhere Prokaryotic –Single celled; lacking a nucleus Genetic Material Circular –chromosome attached to a cell wall –Plasmids Circular piece of DNA that replicates during conjugation. Cell Wall Reproduction occurs via binary fission –Little to no genetic variation unless conjugation takes place Great metabolic diversity –https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vAR47-g6tlA (archaea, bacteria, and protist background – 12 min)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vAR47-g6tlA

7. Two Types of Cell Wall Structures Gram positive -- Has one cell wall outside of plasma membrane and stains purple in a Gram stain. Gram Negative— has an additional membrane layer beyond the peptidoglycan and stains pink in a Gram stain.

8. Gram Positive Stain Gram Negative Stain

9. Shapes of Bacterial Cells Bacteria can be divided up into three main shapes. –Bacillus (rod shaped) –Coccus (sphere shaped) –Spirillum (spiral shaped)

10. Bacillus

11. Coccus

12. Spirillum

13. Movement of Bacteria https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6p9e0 oolbmE (shapes and movement – 3 min)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6p9e0 oolbmE

14. Bacterial Prefixes Prefixes can also be attached to the beginning of a shape to add further description –Diplo- = pairs –Strepto- = chains –Stapylo- = groups\ clusters

15. DiplococcusStreptococcus Stapylococcus

16. Bacterial Reproduction Bacteria usually reproduce via binary fission. –Everything inside is copied and the cell spits in two. Bacteria can also undergo conjugation where genetic information is exchanged between two organisms.

17. Releasing Energy Bacteria can undergo cellular respiration and fermentation Bacteria can be –Obligate aerobes –Obligate anaerobes –Facultative anaerobes

18. Endospores When conditions become unfavorable, many bacteria form an endospore to survive harsh conditions that might otherwise kill them.

19. Notes on 19-2 Bacteria are vital to maintaining the living world. Some are producers that capture energy by photosynthesis Others help break down the nutrients in dead matter and the atmosphere allowing other organisms to use the nutrients

20. Decomposers Why are decomposers essential to all living things? Can recycle dead organisms as well as human waste, organic garbage, chemical waste. This process purifies the water and releases nitrogen and carbon dioxide gases, and leftover products that can be used as fertilizers.

22. Nitrogen Fixers Plants and animals depend on bacteria for nitrogen. Plants need nitrogen to make amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins that both plants and animals need. Nitrogen must be converted from atmospheric nitrogen into a form plants can use. Most plants have a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Rhizobium)

24. Bacteria and Disease Bacteria cause disease in one of two general ways. –1. damage the tissues of the infected organism directly breaking them down for food. (ex. tuberculosis) –Release toxins (poisons) that harm the body. (ex. Streptococcus and food poisoning)

25. Many bacterial diseases can be prevented by stimulating the body’s immune system with vaccines. If a bacterial infection does occur, a number of drugs and natural compounds can be used to attack and destroy the invading bacteria. (antibiotics) See figure 19-10 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ICWLF 9lccNk (bacteria animation – 2 min)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ICWLF 9lccNk

26. Human Uses of Bacteria Bacteria are used in the production of a variety of foods (cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, sour cream, cheese, pickles, sauerkraut, and vinegar) Industry – oil spill clean up, mine minerals, synthesize drugs and chemicals)

27. Controlling Bacteria Most bacteria are harmless, and many are beneficial (ex. normal flora) However, to control bacteria: –Sterilization, heating, boiling, disinfectants, frying, steaming –Refrigeration – slows food from spoiling –Canning – preserving food for a long time. –Inhibiting growth of bacteria – salt, vinegar, sugar. –https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TVfmUfr8 VPA (ted talk on bacteria – 18 minutes)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TVfmUfr8 VPA