1. China at the End of the Qing Dynasty
Do Now:
Explain: Spheres of influence
and
Open Door Policy

2. Europe Seeks Trade Rights
Ming and Qing
Restricted Trade
Canton—only trading port
Chinese saw European as inferior “long-nosed barbarians”

3. 2 Developments that Changed the Relationship
The decline of the Qing Dynasty due to internal problems
Food Shortages
Droughts and Floods causing famine
Peasant revolts
The European industrial revolution
Modern navies
intense desire for more resources and markets

4. European annoyed Would not kowtow (bow) to the Chinese emperor.
resented trade restrictions
China refused to engage in diplomacy to reform trade

5. Opium—The Key to the Door
British began selling Indian grown opium to the Chinese.
Rampant opium addiction=instability in China
China’s attempts to stop it failed
China destroys European boats carrying opium

6. No Match for the British
The British navy made fast work of the Chinese.
The “Treaty of Nanking” (also Nanjing) ended the Opium War. This was the first of many “unequal treaties”
Pay for the destruction of the European ships and opium
Give Hong Kong to the British
End restrictions on trade
Extraterritoriality—Crimes committed by British in China are tried in Britain.

7. Taiping Rebellion A peasant uprising 1851 lasted 14 years
20 million deaths.
Weakened empire
Following the rebellion-100 days of reform
Attempts to modernize China
Adopt some western ideas
Why?

8. The distribution of all land is to be based on the number of persons in each family, regardless of sex. A large family is entitled to more land, a small one to less. The land distributed should not be all of one grade but mixed. … All the land in the country is to be cultivated by the whole population together. …
During harvest season, the Group Officer1 should direct [the grain collection by] the sergeants. Deducting the amount needed to feed the twenty‑five families until the next harvest season, he should collect the rest of the produce for storage in the state granaries. … all people under Heaven are of one family belonging to the Heavenly Father, the Supreme Ruler, the Lord God‑on‑High. Nobody should keep private property. All things should be presented to the Supreme Ruler, so that He will be enabled to make use of them and distribute them equally to all members of his great world‑family. Thus all will be sufficiently fed and clothed.
1. Why would Confucian scholars be opposed to the system suggested in these passages?
2. What strengths and weaknesses do you see in the Taiping economic program as revealed in these passages?
3. In what ways does the system envisioned here differ from what was already n place during the mid-nineteenth-century Qing?

9. Imperialism Expands Late 19th and Early 20th century
European’s compete to build empires
Nationalism
Territorial acquisition

10. United States Open Door Policy
America feared being boxed out because of exclusive trade agreements (spheres of influence)
Sought unrestricted trade
John Hay sends Europeans notes
Europeans—Only if the other agree
Hay says yay 
Boxer rebellion seals the deal

11. Ci Xi and the Boxer Rebellion
Ci Xi, Qing dynasty’s last empress, opposed this reform
Fists of Righteous Harmony (Boxers) violently revolted against all foreigners
America helps “squash” the rebellion which leads to military presence in China
The door is open!!!

12. 1911 China faces collapse Mao Zedong led the communist party
Appealed to the peasant masses
Chiang Kai-shek led the Nationalist Party.
Appealed to the more wealthy powerful peeps (and Westerners)
Results—Long March--Zedong and his supporters were forced to flee to the Northwest. During the 6000 mile march that lasted more than a year, everyone died but 7000.

14. Japanese Invade
1931—Japan takes Manchuria and establishes puppet-state, Manchukuo.
1937—Japan invades the rest of China—”Rape of Nanking” (viewed as genocide)
Zedong and Kai Shek team up against Japanese
Japan is defeated 1945 (end of WWII)