2. THE COLD WAR

3. WW II Casualties: Europe Each symbol indicates 100,000 dead in the appropriate theater of operations

4. WW II Casualties: Asia Each symbol indicates 100,000 dead in the appropriate theater of operations

5. WW II Casualties Country Men in war Battle deaths Wounded Australia1,000,00026,976180,864 Austria800,000280,000350,117 Belgium625,0008,460 55,513 1 Brazil 2 40,3349434,222 Bulgaria339,7606,67121,878 Canada 1,086,343 7 42,042 7 53,145 China 3 17,250,5211,324,5161,762,006 Czechoslovakia— 6,683 4 8,017 Denmark—4,339— Finland500,00079,04750,000 France—201,568400,000 Germany20,000,000 3,250,000 4 7,250,000 Greece—17,02447,290 Hungary—147,43589,313 India2,393,89132,12164,354 Italy3,100,000 149,496 4 66,716 Japan9,700,0001,270,000140,000 Netherlands280,0006,5002,860 New Zealand 194,000 11,625 4 17,000 Norway75,0002,000— Poland—664,000530,000 Romania 650,000 5 350,000 6 — South Africa 410,0562,473— U.S.S.R.— 6,115,000 4 14,012,000 United Kingdom 5,896,000 357,116 4 369,267 United States 16,112,566291,557670,846 Yugoslavia3,741,000305,000425,000 1.Civilians only. 2.Army and navy figures. 3.Figures cover period July 7, 1937 to Sept. 2, 1945, and concern only Chinese regular troops. They do not include casualties suffered by guerrillas and local military corps. 4.Deaths from all causes. 5.Against Soviet Russia; 385,847 against Nazi Germany. 6.Against Soviet Russia; 169,822 against Nazi Germany. 7.National Defense Ctr., Canadian Forces Hq., Director of History.

6. WWII PEACE ? Germany – “unconditional” surrender – divided into 4 zones Poland reconstituted – Soviet satalite Finland and Austria – Independent – Russia yoke of influence Baltic States – absorbed into USSR Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria - USSR Yugoslavia, Albania – Communist – resistant to USSR rule Italy abolished monarchy – unstable democracy

7. GERMANY DIVIDED

9. WWII PEACE ? Greece – bloody civil war France – 4 th Republic – Unstable Britain – empire evaporated Japan – imposed democracy, rapid economic recovery = power status China liberated from Japanese rule – civil war = Mao Zedong (1949) League of Nations replaced by the United Nations US and USSR superpowers = bi-polar world

10. The U.S. & the U.S.S.R. Emerged as the Two Superpowers of the later 20 c

11. What is the Cold War? The tension and rivalry between the USA and the USSR was described as the Cold War (1945-1990). There was never a real war between the two sides between 1945 and 1990, but they were often very close to war (Hotspots). Both sides got involved in other conflicts in the world to either stop the spread of communism (USA) or help the spread (USSR).

12. WEAPONS Propaganda Diplomatic Moves Scientific Competition Economic Competition Espionage Subversion

13. THE EARLY COLD WAR

14. YALTA 1945 BIG THREE Issues? - What to do with Germany’s leaders after the war - What would happen to the occupied countries after liberation, especially those of Eastern Europe - How to build a lasting peace. Intentions, suspicions

15. YALTA (in the USSR) Date: Feb 1945 Present: Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin

16. POTSDAM (Germany) Date: July 1945 Present: Churchill, Truman and Stalin

17. WHAT TO DO WITH EASTERN EUROPEAN NATIONS ?

18. STALIN INSTALLS PUPPET GOVERNMENTS Stalin installed “satellite” communist governments in the Eastern European countries of Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia and East Germany This after promising “free elections” for Eastern Europe at the Yalta Conference In a 1946 speech, Stalin said communism and capitalism were incompatible – and another war was inevitable

20. In 1946, Winston Churchill correctly warned that the Soviets were creating an “iron curtain” in Eastern Europe.“iron curtain” Winston Churchill giving the “Iron Curtain” address at Westminster College on March 5, 1946

21. Winston Churchill - “The Sinews of Peace” Winston Churchill - “The Sinews of Peace” March 5, 1946 - Westminster College, Fulton, Missouri From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and, in many cases, increasing measure of control from Moscow….Whatever conclusions may be drawn from these facts - and facts they are - this is certainly not the Liberated Europe we fought to build up. Nor is it one which contains the essentials of permanent peace….

23. U.S. ESTABLISHES A POLICY OF CONTAINMENT Faced with the Soviet threat, Truman decided it was time to “stop babying the Soviets” In February 1946, George Kennan, an American diplomat in Moscow, proposed a policy of containment Containment meant the U.S. would prevent any further extension of communist rule

24. CONTAINMENT THEORY 1947 George F. Kennan “The main element of any United States policy toward Soviet Union must be a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansionist tendencies.”

25. The Domino Effect The USSR had a lot of influence over many of the new communist countries (especially those in Europe). The USA was very worried that the USSR’s influence over these countries was making the USSR and communism more powerful. The USA did not want communism to spread any further – they were worried about the domino effect (one country becomes communist, then another, then another etc)

26. Domino Theory Communism spreads like a disease

27. Truman Doctrine March 12, 1947 Greece and Turkey in danger of falling to communist insurgents Truman requested $400 million from Congress in aid to both countries. The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside pressures…We must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside pressures…We must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way Successful effort

28. Marshall Plan On June 5, U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall –proposes a massive aid program to rebuild Europe from the ravages of World War II. Nearly $13 billion in U.S. aid was sent to Europe from 1948 to 1952. –The Soviet Union and communist Eastern Europe decline U.S. aid, citing "dollar enslavement."

30. Marshall Plan aid sent to European countries

31. Marshall Aid cartoon, 1947

32. In 1946, reparation agreements broke down between the Soviet and Western zones. Response of the West was to merge French, British, and American zones in 1947. The West wanted to revive the German economy and combine the three western zones into one area. Soviet Union feared this union because it gave the one combined zone more power than its zone. On June 23, 1948, the western powers introduced a new form of currency into the western zones, which caused the Soviet Union to impose the Berlin Blockade one day later.

33. Berlin Airlift In June 1948, the Soviet Union attempted to control all of Berlin by cutting surface traffic to and from West Berlin. The Truman Administration initiated a daily airlift which brought much needed food and supplies into West Berlin. The airlift lasted until the end of September 1949 -- although on May 12, 1949, the Soviet government had yielded and lifted the blockade.

34. THE BERLIN AIRLIFT June 1948 – May 1949 West Berlin – 2.5 million population 2.3 million tons of supplies After 276,926 flights Soviet Union lifts blockade

36. Berlin Airlift

38. NATO and Warsaw Pact In 1949 the US, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, and Portugal form the North Atlantic Treaty Organization to provide collective security against Soviet aggression Provided a military and political complement to the Marshall Plan Greece and Turkey joined in 1952 NATO admitted West Germany in 1954 and allowed it to rearm The Soviets respond by creating the Warsaw Pact in 1955

39. NATO 1949 North Atlantic Treaty Organization Brussels, Belgium Defensive Military Alliance 12 Nations originally Today 28 members

40.  United States  Belgium  Britain  Canada  Denmark  France  Iceland  Italy  Luxemburg  Netherlands  Norway  Portugal  1952: Greece & Turkey  1955: West Germany  1983: Spain

41. }U. S. S. R. }Albania }Bulgaria }Czechoslovakia }East Germany }Hungary }Poland }Rumania WARSAW PACT

43. UNITED NATIONS 1945 – 51 founding nations Goals: International Peace and Security, Friendly Relations, Cooperation in International problems, Human Rights Today 192 Nations

44. Stalin Dies 1953 Stalin Dies---- Nikita Khrushchev takes over Condemns Stalin’s reign " Stalin acted not through persuasion, explanation and patient co-operation with people, but by imposing his concepts and demanding absolute submission to his opinion. Whoever opposed this concept or tried to prove his viewpoint, and the correctness of his position, was doomed to removal from the leading collective and to subsequent moral and physical annihilation. This was especially true during the period following the 17th Party Congress, when many prominent Party leaders and rank-and- file Party workers, honest and dedicated to the cause of communism, fell victim to Stalin's despotism."

45. Hungry and the threat to USSR Hungary became Communist in 1948. Stalinist government ran the country, though the population resented these policies. Stalin died in 1953 and Nikita Khrushchev took over. In a speech (called ‘ The Secret Speech), he called Stalin a ruthless, brutal dictator. Khrushchev appeared to want a peaceful coexistence with the USA

46. In Hungary, the Secret Police (AVO) were feared and Soviet troops still remained in the country Khrushchev ’ s speech encouraged Hungarian people to believe they could get rid of there own Stalinist leaders. In 1956 when large numbers of Hungarian citizens demanded democracy and breaking ties with Moscow and the Warsaw Pact Massive street demonstrations ensued

47. The Uprising It began as a demonstration of students and workers which attracted thousands as it marched through central Budapest to the Parliament Building. A student delegation entering the radio building in an attempt to broadcast their demands (see your sheet) was detained. When the delegation's release was demanded by the demonstrators outside, they were fired upon by the State Security Police (ÁVH) from within the building. The news spread quickly and disorder and violence erupted throughout the capital.

48. The revolt spread quickly across Hungary, and the government fell. Thousands organized into militias, battling the State Security Police (ÁVH) and Soviet troops. The huge statue of Stalin in Budapest was pulled down.

52. Secret police were attacked and Communist leaders were hung from trees The Communist Hungarian leader Rakosi was made to resign in July 1956 To make things more calm, the Soviet troops began withdrawing and Imre Nagy came to power. He was a moderate communist However he did not have total control of the situation

53. The Communist party began to fall apart because for the first time communists and anti-communist people joined forces to end the Stalinist rule of Hungary. Anti-Communists wanted rid of Communism altogether of course. By Oct 30 th 1956, Nagy appealed to the UN for help from the west to defend his country. He gave in to the demands of the rebels. 31 st Oct –He asked USSR to takes their troops out of Hungary, 1 st Nov – He announced that Hungary would leave the Warsaw Pact and become neutral.

54. The end? Khrushchev could not accept that Hungary had left the Warsaw Pact and wanted revenge. He sent Soviet tanks into Budapest on 4 th November numbering around 1000 The Soviet response was swift and devastating, 30 000 Hungarians dead in Bucharest alone and 200 000 sought political asylum in the west. Over the next 5 years thousands were executed or imprisoned under Janos Kadar ’ s puppet regime who stated their purpose was to Mr Nagy ’ s “ counter-revolution ” Newsreel- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kc2yHN2y3AM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kc2yHN2y3AM

55. SUEZ CRISIS 1956-1957 British/French Control – military base 80,000 troops Symbol of the overseas power “jugular vein of the empire” Abdel Nassar – President of Egypt Egyptian Nationalization

56. The Space Race Competition Khrushchev keen to compete Show Communist technology to be superior Increase Soviet prestige Sputnik launched in 1957 USA failed to launch their satellite until 1958 Race would continue until 1980’s

57. SPUTNIK 1957 Russia – 1 st man-made satellite US – NASA “Space Race”

58. The serious side was…. That a rocket that could launch a satellite could also launch a nuclear warhead at a target. So space developments led to rapid advances in nuclear weapons. By 1960 each side had the nuclear capability to destroy the earth In 1961 Yuri Gagarin, a Soviet cosmonaut was the first man to orbit the earth – the Soviets had the lead. For Khrushchev it was a triumph for communism

59. U2 Incident 1960 Soviets - Krushchev US – Eisenhower Col. Francis Gary Powers US Spy Plane shot down in Russia