4. (Adapted from Tallal & Gaab, 2006, TRENDS in Neurosciences)

6. Wide Range Intelligence Test (WRIT) Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT) Test of Word Reading Efficiency (TOWRE) Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing (CTOPP)

8. Improved Processing of Linguistic Components (e.g. syllables) Enhanced Auditory Processing Abilities Musical Training Improved Language Skills Improved Literacy Skills Other factors: e.g., Improved Attention ? Improved Executive functioning ? (Adapted from Tallal & Gaab, 2006, TRENDS in Neurosciences)

10. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

11. Stimulifirst sound match / first sound non-match Experimental Task male / female voice First sound matching: indicate whether the first sounds of the word match Voice Matching: indicate whether the voices of the speaker match Control Task ? TR = 6000 ms TA = 1995ms Analysis Design Block design (7 blocks, 4 word pairs/condition), sparse temporal First Sound Matching vs Voice Matching  Phonological Processing

12. (p < 0.005, k = 40) FIRST SOUND MATCHING > VOICE MATCHING MUS NON MUS > NON

13. ANOVA (p < 0.005, k = 60) FIRST SOUND MATCHING > VOICE MATCHING L temporoparietal R temporoparietal ROI Parameter Value = Musicians = Nonmusicians = RD