1. Westward Expansion

2. Westward Expansion 1820s-1850 Introduction Texas Early Settlement Texas War Manifest Destiny Polk and Texas Oregon Joint Occupation Oregon Treaty California Background Mexican War Conclusion

3. Themes Expansion of U.S. Territory Manifest Destiny

4. Westward Expansion Size of the U.S. 1790 900,000 Sq Mi 1850 3,000,000 Sq Mi

5. Westward Expansion 1820s-1850 Introduction Texas Early Settlement Texas War Manifest Destiny Polk and Texas Oregon Joint Occupation Oregon Treaty California Background Mexican War Conclusion

6. Latin American Indepedence

7. Early Settlement and Texas In early 1820s about 3,000 illegal immigrants lived in Mexico Mexico Government: Passed Mexican Colonization Law: Goal immigrants would become loyal Mexican Citizens

8. Mexican Colonization Law Americans immigrants could receive a league (4,400 acres for grazing) and labor (170 acres of farmland) of land if they… Became Mexican citizens Obey Mexican laws Mexico outlawed slavery Convert to Catholicism

9. Texas Colonizers Stephen Austin An empresario Empresarios moved Am. Families to Mexico Agents received land grants in return for recruiting settlers Over 35,000 Am. moved to TX by 1835

10. Check Up! Reasons Americans Moved to TexasReasons Texans opposed Mexican Citizenship

11. Westward Expansion 1820s-1850 Introduction Texas Early Settlement Texas War Manifest Destiny Polk and Texas Oregon Joint Occupation Oregon Treaty California Background Mexican War Conclusion

12. Mexican Government Goal of Texans – More autonomy Goal of Santa Anna – Limit the power of Mexican states Results – Texas War for Independence began in October 2, 1835

13. Texas War for Independence Texans vs. Mexico Sam Houston led Texan Army Some Am. volunteered for TX army, but the U.S. gov. did not get involved.

14. Texas War for Independence Major Battles Alamo – 187 Texans vs. 5,000 Mexicans Goliad – Texan POW’s were killed San Jacinto – Texans defeated Santa Anna and won independence

15. Lone Star Republic Texans had won their independence and attempted to join the U.S. From 1836-1845 Texas was an independent nation: Lone Star Republic Sam Houston became the first President

16. Lone Star Republic Texans had won their independence and attempted to join the U.S. From 1836-1845 Texas was an independent nation: Lone Star Republic Sam Houston became the first President

17. Westward Expansion 1820s-1850 Introduction Texas Early Settlement Texas War Manifest Destiny Polk and Texas Oregon Joint Occupation Oregon Treaty California Background Mexican War Conclusion

18. Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny (1840s) The nation’s obvious destiny was that it expand from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.

19. Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny (1840s) The nation’s obvious destiny was that it expand from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. Check Up! - Is this concept and John O’Sullivan’s quote in line with the founding principles of the U.S. “Our manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federative self- government entrusted to us.” John L. O’Sullivan

20. Presidential Election of 1844 and Manifest Destiny James Polk Promised Acquire Oregon, Texas and California Retire after one term as President After his election but prior to his inauguration Texas is admitted into the Union

21. Westward Expansion 1820s-1850 Introduction Texas Early Settlement Texas War Manifest Destiny Polk and Texas Oregon Joint Occupation Oregon Treaty California Background Mexican War Conclusion

22. Oregon Oregon was jointly occupied by G.B. and the U.S. Americans outnumbered the British Polk’s Slogan “54 ⁰ 40’ or fight” Negotiated with Great Britain for the Oregon Treaty of 1846

23. Westward Expansion 1820s-1850 Introduction Texas Early Settlement Texas War Manifest Destiny Polk and Texas Oregon Joint Occupation Oregon Treaty California Background Mexican War Conclusion

24. Polk tried to purchase California, New Mexico, and gain recognition of U.S. sovereignty over Texas Mexico refused to meet to discuss the deal Polk sent troops under Zachary Taylor Americans troops were attacked Congress declared war in May of 1846

25. Opposition to the War Weakened Congressional power to declare war Threat of the expansion of slavery to new areas War of conquest

26. The Ethics of a War of Conquest Whigs: Mr. Polk’s War “A most unrighteous war.” John Quincy Adams Spot Resolutions Abraham Lincoln The spot resolutions were offered in the United States House of Representatives on 22 December 1847 by Abraham Lincoln, Whig representative from Illinois. The resolutions requested President James K. Polk to provide Congress with the exact location (the "spot") upon which blood was spilt on American soil, as Polk had claimed in 1846 when asking Congress to declarewar on Mexico. So persistent was Lincoln in pushing his "spot resolutions" that some began referring to him as "spotty Lincoln." Lincoln's resolutions were a direct challenge to the validity of the president's words, and representative of an ongoing political power struggle between Whigs and Democrats.United States House of RepresentativesAbraham LincolnWhigIllinoisJames K. Polkwar on MexicoDemocrats It was a war of “aggression, of invasion, of conquest, of rapine – marked by ruffianism, perfidy, and every other feature of national depravity.” William Lloyd Garrison

27. Westward Expansion 1820s-1850 Introduction Texas Early Settlement Texas War Manifest Destiny Polk and Texas Oregon Joint Occupation Oregon Treaty California Background Mexican War Conclusion

28. Mexican War 1846-1848 Polk and his allies supported the war But many in the U.S. were opposed Weakened Congressional power to declare war Threat of the expansion of slavery to new areas War of Conquest? Abraham Lincoln, a young H.R. from Illinois spoke out against the war.

29. Key Battles Mexican War 1846-1848 Zachary Taylor Monterrey and Buena Vista Stephen Kearney New Mexico John C. Freemont California Winfield Scott Occupied Mexico City

30. Consequence of the Mexican War 13,000 Americans died 110 per 1,000 died Experience for future commanders in the Civil War Robert E. Lee Ulysses S. Grant Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Rio Grande became border between Mexico and U.S. U.S. received California and territory in Southwest U.S. gave Mexico $15 million

31. The Slave Question Would the new territories be open to slavery based on the Missouri Compromise? The war with Mexico was “one of the most unjust ever waged by a stronger against a weaker nation,” and the Civil War was “our punishment” Ulysses S. Grant

32. Cause Event Consequences Mexican- American War

33. Westward Expansion 1820s-1850 Introduction Texas Early Settlement Texas War Manifest Destiny Polk and Texas Oregon Joint Occupation Oregon Treaty California Background Mexican War Conclusion

34. Links Manifest Destiny Mexican War (PBS) Mexican War James K. Polk

35. Resources http://college.cengage.co m/history/lecturepoints/i ndex.html http://college.cengage.co m/history/lecturepoints/i ndex.html