1. Nucleic Acids and the Central Dogma SJCHS

2. Review Function: Information storage Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Monomer is a nucleotide; contains a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogen base

3. History Experiments that discovered DNA, established as the genetic material

4. History 1869: Friedrich Miescher : DNA discovered

5. Structure- DNA Chromosomes- Packages of DNA Nucleosomes: DNA wrapped around Histones (proteins) Coils further to make chromosomes

6. History Phoebus Levene- 1919 Phosphate group Sugar Base 4 Nitrogen Bases Adenine Guanine Thymine Cytosine Polynucleotide: Made up of long chains of nucleotides (monomer)

7. History 1950 ’ s: Erwin Chargaff Nitrogen bases A is in the same amount as T C is in the same amount as G

8. DNA and RNA Phosphate groups- same Sugar DNA: Deoxyribose RNA: Ribose Nitrogen Base DNA: A,T,C,G RNA: A, U, C, G

9. History Franklin and Gosling: X Ray Pictures of DNA DNA: Double helix

10. History 1952: Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase: DNA confirmed as the genetic material using T2 phage virus and E. coli

11. Virus Viruses: Nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein Not alive Not cellular, cannot reproduce on its own

12. Virus Hunter http://video.pbs.org/video/2163879922/

13. Life Cycle Bacteriophage: Bacterial viruses 2 types of phage life cycles Lytic Cycle: Host cell used as virus making factory then is destroyed

14. Life Cycle Lysogenic Cycle: Host cell is not destroyed, virus remains “ dormant ” Prophage: Phage DNA that has been inserted into host DNA

16. http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/olc/dl/120076/bio21.swf

17. History 1953: Crick, Watson: Structure of DNA

18. Structure-DNA DNA- double helix (two DNA strands held by hydrogen bonds between nitrogen bases) A bonds to T G bonds to C

19. DNA and RNA Sugars and phosphates bond together, forming a sugar phosphate backbone

20. DNA and RNA Information in a cell refers to the instructions for making proteins DNA: Original instructions RNA: Copies of the instructions

21. Flow of Genetic Information DNA Replication- makes more DNA Transcription- Makes RNA Translation- Makes polypeptides (proteins)

22. Structure-DNA DNA is divided into sections called genes that has the instructions to make a polypeptide Genome: All of the genes in an organism

23. Structure-RNA mRNA: Messenger RNA Genetic information to make protein Transcription and Translation

24. Structure-RNA tRNA: Transfer RNA- helps to make polypeptides RNA strand bonds with itself (A-U and C-G) Translation

25. Structure-RNA rRNA: Ribosomal RNA Ribosome: Organelle where polypeptides are made (made of rRNA and proteins) Translation

26. Flow of Genetic Information

27. Genetic Code Codon- 3 nucleotides that “ code ” for a specific amino acid Genetic code is degenerate and universal

28. Examples

29. HIV Exceptions to Central Dogma: Retrovirus: Virus that reproduces by transcribing RNA into DNA Reverse transcriptase: Enzyme that allows DNA to be made from RNA

30. HIV HIV- Human immunodeficiency virus AIDS- Disease caused by HIV HIV kills/infects white blood cells

31. HIV 1.RNA used as template to make DNA 2.DNA enters cell nucleus

32. HIV 3.Provirus transcribed into RNA 4.RNA translated into viral proteins 5.New viruses assembled

33. HIV news story