1. types of specimens collected for viral diagnostics Respiratory tract infections: nasal and bronchial washings, throat and nasal swabs, sputum Eye infections: throat and conjunctival swab/scraping Gastrointestinal tract infections: stool and rectal swabs Vesicular rash: vesicle fluid, skin scrapings Maculopapular rash: throat, stool, and rectal swabs Encephalitis and meningitis infections: stool, tissue, saliva, brain biopsy, cerebrospinal fluid Genital infections: vesicle fluid or swab Urinary tract infections: urine Blood borne infections: blood

2. Specimen storage and transport Keep specimens other than blood at 4 o C If delay >24hrs, freeze at 70 o C or below. Avoid any storage at -20 o C: greater loss in infectivity Nonenveloped viruses (adenovirus, enteroviruses) more stable than enveloped (e.g. RSV, VZV, CMV).

3. Viral Transport Medium Salt solution – ensures proper ionic concentrations Buffer - maintains pH Protein - for virus stability Antibiotics or antifungals – to prevent contamination