1. Mia Botkin, MPH student Walden University PUBH-6165-5 Instructor: Dr. Raymond W. Thron Environmental Health Winter, 2011 Toxicity of AluminumToxicity of Aluminum

2. To address the toxicity of aluminum To address aluminum exposure level in our environment To address aluminum affects on health To educate and address matters of the regulation of aluminum safety 2 Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

3. M ost commonly exists and found in the earth’s crust. A silvery white metal Found in beverage cans, pans, airplanes, foils, buffered aspirin, and cosmetics (Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry [ATSDR], 2010). 3 What is Aluminum?What is Aluminum? ATSDR. (2010). Toxic substances portal – Aluminum. Retrieved on January 16, 2011 from http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tf.asp?id=190&tid=34 http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tf.asp?id=190&tid=34 http://www.numkitchen.com/ http://ningbogas.en.made-in-china.com/

4. Exist in combination with other chemicals (For example, oxygen, fluorine, and silicon) Exposure – food, air, water, and soil Cannot be broken down in the environment Small fragments bind to other particles The average U.S. adult eats average 8 mg/day 4 What is Aluminum?What is Aluminum? ATSDR. (2010). Toxic substances portal – Aluminum. Retrieved on January 16, 2011 from http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tf.asp?id=190&tid=34 http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tf.asp?id=190&tid=34

5. Fluffy aluminum at mine areas drains into streams or rivers, and becomes solid matter, which poisons fish, animals, and plants (Alder, 2003). The levels of aluminum in tea leaves are 10 -15 times greater than levels in the drinking water (ATSDR, 2008). 5 Our Environment Responses to Aluminum Adler, T. (2003). Aluminum floc formation. Environmental Health Prospectives, 111(3), a147. doi:10.1289/ehp.111- a147a. ATSDR. (2008). Toxicological profile for aluminum. Retrieved on January 18, 2011 from www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HAC/pha/.../HalacoEngineeringPHAFinal01-21-2010.pdf www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HAC/pha/.../HalacoEngineeringPHAFinal01-21-2010.pdf

6. 6 EPA National Priorities List Sites with Aluminum Contamination CDC. (2010). Toxic substances portal-Aluminum. Retrieved on January 18, 2010 from http://www.atsdr.cdcgov/ToxProfiles/TP.asp?id=191&tid=34 http://www.atsdr.cdcgov/ToxProfiles/TP.asp?id=191&tid=34

7. Excessive exposure causes health problems: Respiratory system – cough, shortness of breath Neurological system – Alzheimer’s disease Skeletal system - Delays development of bone and nerve structure in the unborn Generates kidney problem in children – further develops bone disease 7 Our Body’s Responses to Aluminum ATSDR. (2010). Toxic substances portal– Aluminum. 3.Health effects. Retrieved on January 16, 2011 from http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tf.asp?id=190&tid=34 http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tf.asp?id=190&tid=34

8. May added in: –Flour –Baking soda –Coloring agents –Anticaking agents Found in: – Breast milk from 0.0092 – 0.049 mg/L –Soy-based infant formula from 0.46 – 0.93 mg/L 8 ATSDR. (2008). Toxicological profile for aluminum. Retrieved on February 6, 2011 from www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HAC/pha/.../HalacoEngineeringPHAFinal01-21-2010.pdf www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HAC/pha/.../HalacoEngineeringPHAFinal01-21-2010.pdf http://hbbase.com/wp-content/uploads/305.jpg http://www.examiner.com/dogs-in-denver/dog- food-101-what-are-coloring-agents-aka-artificial- colors-color-additives http:// www.livestrong.com/article/116353- dangers-soy-infant-formula / Our Body’s Responses to Aluminum

9. 9 CDC. (2008a). Asbestosis United States: Asbestosis. Retrieved on January 17, 2011 from www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/96-134/pdfs/96-134c.pdf www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/96-134/pdfs/96-134c.pdf

10. 10 CDC. (2008b). Data from the bureau of labor statistics. Retrieved on January 18, 2011 from www.cdc.gov/niosh/pdfs/2001-120.pdf www.cdc.gov/niosh/pdfs/2001-120.pdf

11. The California Safe Drinking Water Act of 1996 (Adler, 2003) The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (Federal Register, 2003) 11 Regulations Regulations Adler, T. (2003). Aluminum floc formation. Environmental Health Prospectives, 111(3), a147. doi:10.1289/ehp.111- a147. Federal Register. (2003). Hazardous materials regulations: Aluminum cylinder manufactured of aluminum alloy 6351-T6 used in SCUBA, SCBA, and oxygen service-revised requalification and use criteria. Retrieved on January 18, 2011 from http://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2003/09/10/03-22808/hazardous-materials- regulations-aluminum-cylinders-manufactured-of-aluminum-alloy-6351-t6-used-inhttp://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2003/09/10/03-22808/hazardous-materials- regulations-aluminum-cylinders-manufactured-of-aluminum-alloy-6351-t6-used-in

12. Recommendations by the Occupational Health and Safely Administration (OSHA): Worker’s permissible dust in air exposure limit - 15mg/m 3 in a total dust Accumulative exposure in the air over a 40 hours of work per week – 5 mg/m 3 (OSHA, n. d.). 12 Contaminant Levels of AluminumContaminant Levels of Aluminum OSHA. (n.d.). Occupational safety and health guideline for aluminum. Retrieved on January 17, 2011 from http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/healthguidelines/aluminum/recognition.html http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/healthguidelines/aluminum/recognition.html

13. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulation: – In bottled water – 0.2 mg/L for aluminum (Department of Health and Human Service [DHHS],1995) Recommendations by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): In drinking water: 0.05 - 0.2 mg/L (EPA, 2011) 13 Contaminant Levels of AluminumContaminant Levels of Aluminum DHHS. (1995). Beverages; Bottled water; proposed rules. Federal Register (Docket No. QSN-9203). 60 (218), 57131- 57133. EPA. (2011).Drinking water contaminants: National primary drinking water regulations. Retrieved on January 17, 2011 from http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm

14. Aluminum is most abundant in the earth surface and ground. Aluminum can be found anywhere in water, food, and soil. Aluminum creates malfunctions of the human body. Federal government enacts Contaminant levels for aluminum. 14 ConclusionsConclusions

16. Adler, T. (2003). Aluminum floc formation. Environmental Health Prospectives, 111(3), a147. doi:10.1289/ehp.111-a147a. ATSDR. (2010). Toxic substances portal – Aluminum. Retrieved on January 16, 2011 from http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tf.asp?id=190&tid=34 http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tf.asp?id=190&tid=34 ATSDR. (2008). Toxicological profile for aluminum. Retrieved on January 18, 2011 from www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HAC/pha/.../HalacoEngineeringPHAFinal01-21-2010.pdf www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HAC/pha/.../HalacoEngineeringPHAFinal01-21-2010.pdf CDC. (2008a). Asbestosis United States: Asbestosis. Retrieved on January 17, 2011 from www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/96-134/pdfs/96-134c.pdf www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/96-134/pdfs/96-134c.pdf CDC. (2008b). Data from the bureau of labor statistics. Retrieved on January 18, 2011 from www.cdc.gov/niosh/pdfs/2001-120.pdf. www.cdc.gov/niosh/pdfs/2001-120.pdf CDC. (2010). Toxic substances portal-Aluminum. Retrieved on January 18, 2010 from http://www.atsdr.cdcgov/ToxProfiles/TP.asp?id=191&tid=34 http://www.atsdr.cdcgov/ToxProfiles/TP.asp?id=191&tid=34 16 ReferencesReferences

17. DHHS. (1995). Federal and Administration - Beverages; Bottled water; proposed rules. Federal Register (Docket No. QSN-9203). 60 (218), 57131- 57133. EPA. (2011). Drinking water contaminants: National primary drinking water regulations. Retrieved on January 17, 2011 from http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm.http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm Federal Register. (2003). Hazardous materials regulations: Aluminum cylinder manufactured of aluminum alloy 6351-T6 used in SCUBA, SCBA, and oxygen service-revised requalification and use criteria. Retrieved on January 18, 2011 from http://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2003/09/10/03-22808/hazardous-materials- regulations-aluminum-cylinders-manufactured-of-aluminum-alloy-6351-t6-used-in. http://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2003/09/10/03-22808/hazardous-materials- regulations-aluminum-cylinders-manufactured-of-aluminum-alloy-6351-t6-used-in OSHA. (n.d). Occupational safety and health guideline for aluminum. Retrieved on January 17, 2011 from http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/healthguidelines/aluminum/recognition.html.http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/healthguidelines/aluminum/recognition.html 17 References (cont…)

18. Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry. (2010). Toxic substances portal- Aluminum. Retrieved on February 6, 2011 from http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tf.asp?id=190&tid=34 http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tf.asp?id=190&tid=34 OSHA. (n.d). Occupational safety and health guideline for aluminum. Retrieved on January 17, 2011 from http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/healthguidelines/aluminum/recognition.html. http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/healthguidelines/aluminum/recognition.html Yellamma, K., Saraswathamma, S., & Nirmala Kumari, B. (2011). Cholinergic System Under Aluminum Toxicity in Rat Brain. International Journal of Toxicology, 17(2), 106-112. Retrieved on January 16, 2011 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2997452/?tool=pubmed http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2997452/?tool=pubmed 18