1. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 11 1 Chapter 11 Death: Meaning, Manner, Mechanism, Cause, and Time By the end of this chapter you will be able to: o Discuss the definition of death o Distinguish between four manners of death: natural, accidental, suicidal, and homicidal o Distinguish between cause, manner, and mechanisms of death o Explain the development of rigor, algor, and livor mortis following death All Rights Reserved South-Western / Cengage Learning © 2012, 2009

2. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 11 2 Chapter 11 Death: Meaning, Manner, Mechanism, Cause, and Time By the end of this chapter you will be able to: o Estimate the time of death o Describe the stages of decomposition of a corpse o Use evidence on stomach contents to estimate time of death o Use insect evidence to estimate time of death o Explain how environmental factors can affect the estimated time of death

3. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 11 3 Definition of Death o Cessation, or end, of life o Irreversible cessation of blood circulation o Cessation of all brain activity o Experts do not agree on a single definition

4. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 11 4 Introduction o Autolysis — cell death

5. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 11 5 The Manner of Death o The manner of death can be 1) Natural, the most common 2) Accidental 3) Suicidal 4) Homicidal 5) Undetermined o Sometimes the manner of death is difficult to determine

6. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 11 6 Cause and Mechanism of Death o Cause of the death o o Mechanism of death is the reason for the death is the specific change in the body that brought about the cessation of life

7. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 11 7 Time of Death—Livor Mortis The Leaden-Color of Death o Lividity—With decomposition, blood seeps down and settles in the lower parts of a body o Red blood cells turn bluish-purple

8. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 11 8 Time of Death—Livor Mortis

9. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 11 9 Time of Death—Livor Mortis o Lividity begins about two hours after death o Discoloration becomes permanent after eight hours o Ambient temperature affects the speed of decomposition o Position can determine the lividity of the body during the first eight hours

10. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 11 10 Time of Death—Rigor Mortis The Rigidity of Death o Without oxygen in the blood— Calcium accumulates in the muscles Muscles stiffen o Starts in the head and expands throughout o After about 15 hours— Muscle fibers begin to dissolve Softening begins

11. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 11 11 Time of Death—Rigor Mortis

12. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 11 12 Time of Death—Rigor Mortis Live muscle fibers slide back and forth After death, muscle fibers become locked in a flexed position

13. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 11 13 Time of Death—Rigor Mortis ObservationApprox. Time Scale The body is at its most rigid state Just over 2 hours No visible signs of rigor Less than 2 hours or more than 48 hours ago Stiffness generally disappears After 36 hours

14. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 11 14 Time of Death—Rigor Mortis Factors affecting rigor mortis: 1) Ambient temperature 2) Weight of the body 3) Type of clothing, or lack of it 4) General health of person at time of death 5) Level of physical activity at time of death 6) Sun exposure

15. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 11 15 Time of Death—Algor Mortis The Chill of Death o Body heat falls after death About 1.5 degrees per hour immediately after death Slowing to less than 1.0 degree per hour after about 12 hours Heat loss is affected by the ambient temperature o Corpse temperature is measured by a thermometer inserted into the liver o Time of death is expressed as a range of time

16. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 11 16 Time of Death —Stomach and Intestinal Contents

17. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 11 17 Time of Death —Stomach and Intestinal Contents State of ContentsTiming of Death Zero to two hours after the last meal Stomach is empty, but food found in small intestine Death occurred 12 or more hours after a meal Undigested food present in the stomach Death occurred at least four to six hours after a meal Small intestine is empty; waste found in large intestine

18. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 11 18 Time of Death —Stages of Decomposition Decomposition – rotting of all tissues and organs

19. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 11 19 Time of Death —Stages of Decomposition 1) Within two days of death: 2) After four days: 3) Within six to ten days:

20. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 11 20 Time of Death —Stages of Decomposition 1)Within two days of death: cell autolysis begins green and purplish staining occurs from blood decomposition face becomes discolored

21. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 11 21 Time of Death —Stages of Decomposition 2)After four days skin blisters abdomen swells with CO ₂ that is released by bacteria in the intestines

22. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 11 22 Time of Death —Stages of Decomposition 3)Within six to ten days corpse continues to bloat as bacteria continue to feed on tissues; eventually chest and abdomen will burst fluids begin to leak from body openings eyeballs and other tissues liquefy skin sloughs off

23. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 11 23 Time of Death—Insects o Forensic entomologist Collects insect evidence from on, above, and below the body Records environmental conditions o Within minutes of a death, certain insects arrive to lay their eggs on the warm body—blowflies o As the corpse decomposes, other kinds of insects arrive

24. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 11 24 Time of Death—Insects o The insect life cycle provides scientists with a benchmark to estimate a time of death o Insect evidence cannot provide an exact time of death—fluctuating environmental conditions o Insect evidence provides a close estimate

25. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 11 25 Time of Death —Blowfly Life Cycle 1. <8 hours after death—blowfly eggs can be found in the moist, warm areas of a corpse 2. Within 20 hours —1 st of their 3 larva stages 3. Within 2.5 days —2nd of their 3 larva stages 4. 4 th or 5 th day—3 rd of their 3 larva stages

26. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 11 26 Time of Death —Blowfly Life Cycle 5. 8 to 12 days—larvae migrates to a dry place 6. 18 to 24 days— Early pupa; immobile; changes from light brown to dark brown 7. By the 21 st -24 th day the pupa cases will split open and adult blowflies will emerge.

27. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 11 27 Time of Death —Blowfly Life Cycle

28. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 11 28 Time of Death —Blowfly Life Cycle

29. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 11 29 Time of Death —Blowfly Life Cycle

30. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 11 30 Time of Death —Blowfly Life Cycle

31. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 11 31 Time of Death —Blowfly Life Cycle

32. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 11 32................. Summary................. Summary o Several definitions of death o A body decomposing through three stages— livor, rigor, and algor mortis—provides an estimated time of death o Stomach contents and insect evidence also aid in estimating the time of death o Environmental factors affect the estimated time of death