1. Zdr for chosen spectral coefficients in 5-7-2004, clear-air, day time, south wind, insects, clutter. S.Bachmann

2. Spectrum one elevation scan az N = 1..360 IQIQ Radial 1 Radial N Radial az Z dr 128 pulses - - Horizontal  Vertical HVHV

3. Spectrum one elevation scan az N = 1..360 IQIQ Radial 1 Radial N Radial az Z dr 128 pulses - - Horizontal  Vertical HVHV Get rid of DC I ' Q' Estimate Spectral Coef SC=f(az, v) header Center of Spectral Coef. GCFGCF Window Spectral observation Window

4. Spectrum one elevation scan az N = 1..360 IQIQ Radial 1 Radial N Radial az Z dr 128 pulses - - Horizontal  Vertical HVHV Get rid of DC I ' Q' Estimate Spectral Coef SC=f(az, v) header Center of Spectral Coef. GCFGCF Window v, h) Spectral observation Sounding

5. Z dr for the original spectrum (all 128 pulses included in calculations) for the chosen spectral window (21 pulses), s.t. the center of spectral window assumes sin- azimuthal dependence for the chosen spectral window (21 pulses), s.t. the center is chosen in agreement with azimuthal and height dependence from sounding.

6. 0.5° 1.5° 2.5° all 128 pulseswindow 21 pulses original GSf GSf, DCf, f(h) GSf, DCf

7. sounding gives v@h. High Zdr vanish at second layer (circled) - birds 128, GSf window, GSf, DCf, f(h) window, GSf, DCf

8. 4.5° 2.5° 1.5° 0.5° GCf, DCf Window(40-55) 180°

9. Zdr window < Zdr 128 more Birds/insects/both? If Zdr birds (-1..4), insects (0..10) 75..95

10. from Ryzhkov: Biological scatterers in atmosphere InsectsBirds Z (dBZ) 5 – 205 – 30 Z DR (dB) 0 – 12-2 – 3 ρ hv 0.5 – 0.8 δ (°)0 – 1200 – 40 K DP (°/km) Low & noisy 1 0.5 0 ρ hv 0 δ