1. The Transport System Core 6.2

2. Circulatory System Most animals have a circulatory system including a pumping device – heart Most animals have a circulatory system including a pumping device – heart –Open Circulatory System:  System may have  Organs are bathed in blood   Ex. –Closed Circulatory System  Blood stays  Ex.

4. Circulation in Vertebrates involves a closed system that consists of: Circulation in Vertebrates involves a closed system that consists of: 1. Arteries  Function: - branch into smaller vessels called  Structure: –Have a –Very –Inner diameter is small 6.2.5 Explain the relationship between the structure and function of arteries, capillaries and veins.

5. 2.Capillaries:  Function:  Structure: –Walls are – in diameter – RBC’s pass through single file – to increase total cross- sectional area –Results in low pressure and slower flow ( ) – for exchange and penetration into all tissues 6.2.5 Explain the relationship between the structure and function of arteries, capillaries and veins.

6.  Mechanisms for Exchange between Blood and Tissue: – –Materials are in cell membrane of capillary endothelial cell (endocytosis) travel across cell and –Water and dissolved molecules (not proteins) filter through clefts between adjacent endothelial cells 6.2.5 Explain the relationship between the structure and function of arteries, capillaries and veins.

7. 3.Veins  Function: ; small veins called lead away from capillaries and branch into the larger veins  Structure: – ; –Smooth muscle layer is and inner diameter is 6.2.5 Explain the relationship between the structure and function of arteries, capillaries and veins.

8. –Veins have to assist in moving blood up to the heart (against gravity) and also depend on squeezing from muscles 6.2.5 Explain the relationship between the structure and function of arteries, capillaries and veins.

10. William Harvey (1628) William Harvey (1628) –English physician that was the first to accurately describe how blood is pumped by heart –published work marked the (understanding bodily processes in terms of chemistry and physics) http://www.pbs. org/wnet/redgol d/innovators/bio _harvey.html

11. 6.2.1 Draw and label a diagram of the heart showing the four chambers, associated blood vessels, valves and the route of blood through the heart.

12. Circulation Pathway in Humans Circulation Pathway in Humans –4 chambered heart  –2 separate pumps separated by the –One-way valves separate chambers and  –Muscles squeeze the chamber in a powerful  6.2.2 State that the coronary arteries supply heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients. 6.2.3 Explain the action of the heart in terms of collecting blood, pumping blood, and opening and closing of valves. Valves Septum

13. 1. & 1b. Deoxygenated blood returns to heart through 2. through to 3. through to 4. 5. To the – gas exchange takes place and blood is oxygenated 6. 7. Through to 8. through to 9.– very large artery carries oxygenated blood to the body

15. Circulation outside of the heart is divided into: Circulation outside of the heart is divided into: –Pulmonary circulation: Circulation = movement of blood

16. –Systemic circulation:  The heart itself is supplied with oxygen and nutrients by the.

18. Pulmonary circulation Systemic circulation Right Left

19. Circulation in other vertebrates Circulation in other vertebrates – are characteristic of birds and mammals   no mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

20. –Fish have a  Systemic circulation under very low pressure, blood moves sluggishly

21. –Amphibians and reptiles have – 2 atria and 1 ventricle  Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood  show beginning of development of septum (reduces mixing)

23. 6.2.4 Outline the control of the heartbeat in terms of myogenic muscle contraction, the role of the pacemaker, nerves, the medulla of the brain and epinephrine (adrenaline). Contraction of the heart Contraction of the heart –Cardiac cells tend to  Contraction of one heart cell stimulates –Contraction of atria is initiated by  wave of contraction passes through atria to  impulse transmitted to and wave continues

24. 6.2.4 Outline the control of the heartbeat in terms of myogenic muscle contraction, the role of the pacemaker, nerves, the medulla of the brain and epinephrine (adrenaline).  When the network in the atria contracts, blood in the atria flows into the ventricles. blood in the atria flows into the ventricles.  When the ventricles contract, blood flows out of the heart. out of the heart.

25. Sinoatrial (SA) node –Heartbeat is initiated by the  Pacemaker is located in the  The impulse spreads from the pacemaker to a network of fibers in the atria.

26. Bundle of His Atrioventricular (AV) node –The impulse is picked up by a bundle of fibers called the and carried to the network of fibers in the ventricles.  AV node is located on septum between atria  – fibers that extend from AV node into walls of ventricles  further branch into all parts of ventricular muscle Purkinje fibers

27. Cardiac muscle cells are electrically coupled by Cardiac muscle cells are electrically coupled by –Intercalated disks consist of desmosomes and gap junctions –Desmosomes are made of intercellular cement and protein –Gap junctions allow ions to pass through to stimulate the neighboring cell

28. How is the pacemaker regulated? How is the pacemaker regulated? –Nervous control of heart is a –Heart receives impulses from a control center in the, via 2 nerves  One nerve, the other (antagonistic – opposite)

29. – (Adrenaline), which is produced by the adrenal glands, travels through the bloodstream and Which response is caused by the release of epinephrine? Why would the heart rate need to increase?

30. Cardiac Cycle Cardiac Cycle –Heart chambers alternate between –Contraction phase is called, and relaxation phase is called –Heart sounds heard with a stethoscope are caused by –Sound pattern is “lub-dup, lub-dup, lub-dup” –First heart sound (“lub”) is created by closing of AV valves –Second sound (“dup”) created by closing of semilunar valves

31. –Heart murmers – occur when –Electrocardiograms –

32. http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_5Nslwo9F6bI/S_EU- Kcs4DI/AAAAAAAAAg4/5f0VSazrcN4/s1600/ECG+trace+%26+basics.jpg

33. Blood Pressure and Rate of Flow Blood Pressure and Rate of Flow –During systole, heart –During diastole, heart

34. – is measured to record the regular cycle of pressure in the arteries as the heart contracts  Usually measured in with a  Average pressure for young adult male is

35. –Blood pressure varies by location in body and  Resulting gradient of pressure causes – fluids move from regions of  Differences in systolic and diastolic pressures diminish with  By the time blood reaches capillaries the flow is (rather than surging as in the arteries)

36.  Pressure continually drops through arterioles and capillaries and is the lowest in the veins closest to the heart  Rate of flow –Highest in –Lowest in in –Increases again in Why does rate of flow in the capillaries need to be low?

37. Composition of blood Composition of blood 1.Plasma :  liquid matrix constituting  Plasma is with a variety of dissolved substances: 6.2.6 State that blood is composed of plasma, erythrocytes, leucocytes (phagocytes and lymphocytes) and platelets. 6.2.7 State that the following are transported by blood: nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, antibodies, urea and heat.

38. – (Na +, Ca +2, K +, Mg +2 ) and organic anions (Cl -, HCO 3 - ) – (fibrinogen, albumins, and globulins – important for osmotic pressure in plasma, help to transport substances, blood clotting) – (glucose, fats, phospholipids, amino acids, lactic acid, cholesterol) – – urea, ammonia and uric acid – – regulatory chemicals –3 gases found in small amounts – – – distribution to all tissues

39. 2.White Blood Cells -  Five major types:  Fight infections

40.  Monocytes and neutrophils are  Eosinophils  Basophils release – causes (increased blood flow to injured site) – part of inflammatory response

41.  Lymphocytes – – part of specific immune response resulting from exposure to an (foreign substance in body) – (globulin proteins) to destroy antigen – specifically fight antigen that stimulates production

42. 3.Red Blood Cells –   Approximately  Live approximately – destroyed by liver and spleen  Formed in (in long bones, skull, ribs, and pelvis)  Filled with (carries oxygen, gives red color) *Some animals (mollusks and arthropods) have – contains Cu instead of Fe – dissolved in plasma not in cells

43. 4.Platelets – play a part in the

44. Whole blood – Whole blood – Blood plasma – Blood plasma – Blood serum – Blood serum –

45. Blood clotting Blood clotting – comes out of solution and converts to (forms a hard lump or clot)