2. Effects of Railroads  Texas became urbanized with major towns built along Railroads  Ranchers were able to ship cattle & crops across Texas quicker & cheaper  Areas were opened for settlement

3. Transportation  In the early 19 th century, the main methods of transportation were wagons, carriages & horses.  By the late 19 th century, railroads & steamboats became common. These helped Texas become urbanized.

4. Industries Grow  The building of railroads also led to the growth of new industries, including cattle & meatpacking, lumber and coal.

6. Work & Lifestyles Change  The growth of industries led to a greater need for workers. Workers had 12- hour workdays & 6-day workweeks with a salary of $1 per day.  In 1870, Texas industries hired twice as many children as women.

7. Minorities in Texas  Texas towns grew quickly due to the rise in immigration from various countries.  Mexicans: Settled in South Texas for large amount of ranch land near Mexico.  Irish: Settled in San Patricio  Germans: Settled in Fredericksburg  French: Settled in Castroville

8. Effects of Immigration  Immigration of minority groups has influenced Texas’s politics, food, language & celebrations.  This diversity is displayed in cultural celebrations:  Quinceañera (Mexican)  Wurstfest (German)  Texas Folklife Festival  Religious Activities