1. Population(millions) Urban Area19501970199020002015 (estimate) 1Tokyo, Japan6.916.525.126.427.2 2Mexico City, Mexico3.19.115.118.120.4 3São Paulo, Brazil2.48.114.818.021.2 4New York, USA12.316.216.116.717.9 5Mumbai, India2.95.812.216.122.8 6Calcutta, India4.46.910.713.116.7 7Los Angeles, USA4.08.411.513.114.5 8Shanghai, China5.311.213.512.913.6 9Dhaka, Bangladesh0.41.55.912.522.8 10Delhi, India1.43.58.212.420.9 11Karachi, Pakistan1.03.18.012.116.2 12Buenos Aires, Argentina5.08.410.612.013.2 13Jakarta, Indonesia1.53.99.311.017.2 14Osaka, Japan4.19.410.511.0 15Beijing, China3.98.110.910.811.7 16Rio de Janeiro, Brazil2.97.09.510.711.5 17Metro Manila, Philippines1.53.58.010.012.6 18Seoul, South Korea1.05.310.69.9 19Paris, France5.48.59.39.69.9 20Cairo, Egypt2.45.38.69.411.5 21Tianjin, China2.45.29.39.210.3 22Istanbul, Turkey1.11.46.58.911.3 23Lagos, Nigeria0.31.47.78.616.0 24Moscow, Russia5.47.19.08.3n.a. 25London, U.K.8.78.67.37.6n.a. 26Lima, Peru1.02.96.57.49.4 27Bangkok, Thailand1.4.3.15.97.39.8 28Chicago, USA4.96.76.87.0n.a. 29Teheran, Iran Hong Kong 1.9 1.6 3.3 3.5 6.4 5.7 7.0 8.2 306.9n.a.

4. Transactions costs Low Mixed low and high High Agglomeration economies LowA Spatial entropy B Intermediate states between A and C C Weberian-Löschian landscapes HighD Small interconnected clusters E Superclusters F Small disconnected clusters