1. Other Senses

2. Taste Papillae – small bumps on the tongue that have taste buds in them. Taste buds - taste receptor cells in mouth; responsible for sense of taste. LO 7.6 How do the senses of taste and smell work, and how are they alike? Gustation - the sensation of a taste.

3. Five primary taste sensations have been identified. ­­– Sweet – Sour ­­ – Salty ­­ – Bitter ­­– Umami recent identification by researchers sensation is triggered by glutamate Taste

4. Individuals vary in their capacity for experiencing taste sensations. Nontasters (fewer tastebuds) – unable to taste certain sweet and bitter compounds Supertasters (more tastebuds) – taste sweet and bitter compounds with far stronger intensity than other people Taste

5. Smell Olfaction (olfactory sense) – Sense of smell. Olfactory bulbs – Areas of the brain specifically dedicated to receive information from the olfactory receptor cells. At least 1,000 olfactory receptors. – Each have about a half dozen to a dozen little “hairs” (ciliar) that project into the cavity and send signals to the brain. LO 7.6 How do the senses of taste and smell work, and how are they alike?

7. Somesthetic Senses Somesthetic senses - the body senses consisting of the skin senses, the kinesthetic sense, and the vestibular senses. – Soma = body – Esthetic = feeling

8. Touch Types of touch –Pressure –Warmth –Cold –Pain Sensation of hot

9. Touch Tactile (touch) information is conveyed to the brain when an object touches and depresses the skin. – One or more of several types of receptors are stimulated. – Touch messages are sent through nerve connections to the spinal cord. – The message is relayed next to the somatosensory cortex of cerebrum.

10. Pain Pain can be a valuable warning and a protective mechanism. – Pain motivates people to tend to an injury, to restrict activity, and to seek medical help.

11. Pain: The Gate Control Theory An area in the spinal cord acts as a gate and blocks or transmits pain messages to the brain. Pain messages are carried by small, slow-conducting nerve fibers. Large, fast-conducting nerve fibers carry other sensory messages. LO 3.11

12. Pain Distraction can be effective with short-term pain, but not long-term pain. Endorphins are natural painkillers produced by the body. – block pain and produce a feeling of well- being – Some individuals release endorphins when they think they are receiving pain medication.

13. Kinesthesia sense – Sense of change in body position Vestibular sense – Movement of fluids in the inner ear caused by head or body movement – Gives sense of equilibrium and balance