1. All-optical control of light on a silicon chip Vilson R. Almeida, Carlos A. Barrios, Roberto R. Panepucci & Michal Lipson School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA

2. Silicon ● Dominant material in the microelectronic industry ● Challenging to achieve all-optical switch in silicon  Weak nonlinear optical properties ● Extremely high powers ● Large dimensions ● Fast all-optical switching on silicon  Highly light-confining structures to enhance sensitivity to refractive index change  500ps switch  25pJ pulses

3. ● 300μm long, 1.55μm Mach-Zehnder modulator  2mJ optical pump pulse energy needed  Δn = -10 -3 for 100% modulation ● Free carrier absorption  Rectangular waveguide ● 450x250nm ● 16dB cm -1 absorption for 2mJ optical pulse ● 90% modulation depth requires 600μm waveguide Demonstrated modulation

4. Highly confined resonant structures ● Low-power light modulation ● Δn large effect on transmission response ● Modulation depth of 80% in 20μm long structure Ring resonator: 10μm diameter, 450x250nm cross-section

5. Transmission of ring resonator coupled to a waveguide ● Greatly reduced at circumference corresponding to integral number of guided wavelengths ● 10-ps pump pulse used to inject free carriers through two- photon absorption, tuning the effective refractive index Quasi-TM transmitted spectral response

6. Resonances of the ring resonator λ res1 = 1535.6nm λ res2 = 1555.5nm Q res1 ≈ λ res1 /Δλ FWHM1 = 3410 Q res2 ≈ λ res2 /Δλ FWHM2 = 2290 Δλ FWHM1 = 0.45nm Δλ FWHM2 = 0.68nm τ cav1 = λ 2 res1 /2πcΔλ FWHM1 = 1.8ps τ cav2 = λ 2 res2 /2πcΔλ FWHM2 = 2.8ps Fast temporal response

7. Pump ● 10-ps pulses with energy less then 25 pJ ● Tunable mode-locked optical parametric oscillator pumped by Ti:sapphire picosecond laser at 78-MHz ● 1.5-ps pulses pass through Fabry-Perot tunable filter

8. Probe signals λ probe1 = 1535.2 nm λ probe2 = 1535.6 nm λ res1 = 1535.6nm Probes around: Probe 1 below resonance Probe 2 on resonance Probes tuned relative to ring resonance in order to maximize modulation depth by setting transmission to low and high levels without pump

9. Temporal response of probe signal to pump excitation Instantaneous spectral shift followed by exponential decay representing free-carrier lifetime Shift: Δλ = -0.36 Relaxation time: τ = 450ps Free-carrier lifetime can be decreased by controlling surface passivation or ion implantation Using pump time much smaller than free-carrier lifetime leaves necessary pump power unchanged

10. Modulation depth (MD) MD = (I max – I min )/I max I max : Maximum transmitted probe optical power I min : Minimum transmitted probe optical power MD probe1 = 94% MD probe2 = 91%

11. Modulation ● Δλ corresponds to a Δn eff = -4.8 x 10 -4 ● Δn eff is caused by a free carrier concentration of: ΔN = 1.6 x 10 17 cm -3 ● Required energy for ΔN is 0.15pJ, other energy of pump scattered ● Absorption losses: ● Δα = 6.9 cm -1 ● α ring = 33.6 cm -1 ● Low absorption losses indicate modulation due to index change

12. Uses ● modulator, switch or router with response as low as 100ps  router: couple ring to two waveguides ● input port and through port waveguide ● drop port waveguide

13. Control of modulation by fabrication ● Minimize temperature effects  induce strain in the silicon waveguide  overcladding deposition conditions  decrease of refractive index with temperature, balancing thermo-optic effect of silicon ● Decrease wavelength sensitivity  minimize size of ring ● low round trip loss due to high index difference  would require larger Δn eff, but smaller size requires similar pump power to obtain higher ΔN