1. Europe History and Cultural Geography

2. Crusades 1096-1291 (almost 200 yrs) 1096-1291 (almost 200 yrs) Muslims captured Jerusalem in 1076 Muslims captured Jerusalem in 1076 Pope Urban II made a speech to a crowd in Clermont, France, calling for Christians to reclaim Jerusalem: Pope Urban II made a speech to a crowd in Clermont, France, calling for Christians to reclaim Jerusalem: "Christians, hasten to help your brothers in the East, for they are being attacked. Arm for the rescue of Jerusalem under your captain Christ. Wear his cross as your badge. If you are killed your sins will be pardoned." "Christians, hasten to help your brothers in the East, for they are being attacked. Arm for the rescue of Jerusalem under your captain Christ. Wear his cross as your badge. If you are killed your sins will be pardoned."

3. Renaissance “rebirth,” “to be born again” “rebirth,” “to be born again” Renewed interest in learning based on classical (Ancient Greek and Ancient Roman) sources Renewed interest in learning based on classical (Ancient Greek and Ancient Roman) sources Began in Florence, Italy Began in Florence, Italy Medici family = wealthy banking family in Italy Medici family = wealthy banking family in Italy Medicis used money and influence to promote art, science, and learning in Florence. Medicis used money and influence to promote art, science, and learning in Florence.

4. Leonardo di Vinci Vitruvian Man, circa 1487Mona Lisa, 1503-1516

5. Right: View from the entrance to the Sistine Chapel (Part of the Apostolic Palace, the official residence of the Pope in Vatican City) Left: The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, 1502- 1512

6. Sistine Chapel: Rome, Italy

7. The Birth of Venus by Botticelli 1486

8. Roman Aqueducts Structures that carry water for long distances Structures that carry water for long distances Have to maintain a certain slope for very long distances to work Have to maintain a certain slope for very long distances to work

9. Reformation Beginning - 1517: The Ninety-Five Theses, criticized…. Beginning - 1517: The Ninety-Five Theses, criticized…. The Pope The Pope Corruption in the clergy Corruption in the clergy Devotion to saints Devotion to saints Indulgences (rewards for pious behavior, good deeds) Indulgences (rewards for pious behavior, good deeds) Monasticism Monasticism Ended in 1648 with the Treaty of Westphalia Ended in 1648 with the Treaty of Westphalia

10. Feudalism Political system in which powerful lords (land owners) give plots of land in exchange for military service Political system in which powerful lords (land owners) give plots of land in exchange for military service Lord = land owner Lord = land owner Vassal = person who enters into an agreement with the lord: (land and protection from enemies) in exchange for military service Vassal = person who enters into an agreement with the lord: (land and protection from enemies) in exchange for military service Fief = the plot of land granted to the vassal by the lord Fief = the plot of land granted to the vassal by the lord

11. The Holocaust Holocaust = “sacrifice by fire” Holocaust = “sacrifice by fire” 1933-1945 1933-1945 In addition to Jews, the Nazis targeted Gypsies, homosexuals, Jehovah's Witnesses, Catholics, and the disabled for persecution. Anyone who resisted the Nazis was sent to forced labor or murdered. In addition to Jews, the Nazis targeted Gypsies, homosexuals, Jehovah's Witnesses, Catholics, and the disabled for persecution. Anyone who resisted the Nazis was sent to forced labor or murdered. Estimated the 11 million people (6 million Jews) were murdered during the Holocaust Estimated the 11 million people (6 million Jews) were murdered during the Holocaust

12. Holocaust: Quick Timeline 1933: Nazis call for a boycott of Jewish businesses 1933: Nazis call for a boycott of Jewish businesses 1935: Nuremberg Laws (laws excluding Jews from public life) 1935: Nuremberg Laws (laws excluding Jews from public life) Nov 9-10, 1938: Kristallnacht (“Night of Broken Glass”), approximately 30,000 Jews arrested and sent to concentration camps Nov 9-10, 1938: Kristallnacht (“Night of Broken Glass”), approximately 30,000 Jews arrested and sent to concentration camps 1939: Jews forced to wear yellow star of David on their clothing 1939: Jews forced to wear yellow star of David on their clothing 1941: Jews forced to live in ghettos 1941: Jews forced to live in ghettos Largest – Warsaw Ghetto Largest – Warsaw Ghetto Nazis would order deportations from ghettos, loading Jews onto trains to go to camps Nazis would order deportations from ghettos, loading Jews onto trains to go to camps

13. How could this happen? “The Jew: The inciter of war, the prolonger of war."

14. Auschwitz: “Work Makes You Free”

16. Berlin Wall