1. Progress… Canada-Style

2. New Provinces Join Manitoba created 1870 British Columbia joins 1871 Prince Edward Island 1873 Arctic Islands 1880 Alberta 1905 Saskatchewan 1905

3. MacDonald’s National Policy Designed to increase population and help Canada develop Increase tariffs to protect industries Trans-continental railroad (finished 1885) Encourage European Immigration (gave away land)

4. Wilfred Laurier Continues many of the National Policy ideas. Under his leadership, a period of great growth. Immigration: Canada became a “Land of Freedom”. Hundreds of thousands came. Industries develop.

5. Reforms in Industry – Late 1800s Many new immigrants joined labour force. Horrible working conditions Unsanitary, unsafe neighbourhoods. Unionization: movement to form unions to protect workers’ rights. Social Reform – Women’s rights, Workers’ rights. Laurier’s government sets up MINISTRY OF LABOUR in 1900

6. Griffintown in Montreal

7. Griffintown flooded in the 1890s

8. Griffintown

9. World War 1: 1914-18 As a member of British Empire, Canada joined war effort against Germany. Economy affected: Food Clothing War supplies Men joined the army, Women joined the workforce. Suffragettes won the right to vote (federally) in 1917. Provincial voting rights waited until 1940.

10. Conscription Crisis Though many Canadians joined the war effort, French Canadians didn’t want to support Britain. More troops needed – government starts conscription (force men to join the army). Demonstrations and riots in Quebec… nationalist feeling returns.

11. Canada “defines itself as a nation” Great heroism shown on the battlefield. 650,000 served 68,000 died. Vimy Ridge – a great Canadian victory. Canada signs “Treaty of Versailles”, which ends the war, in 1919.

12. Canada: an independent country Canada becomes an independant member of the “League of Nations”, which works for world peace, in 1919. 1931: The Balfour Declaration, a British law, gives Canada almost complete independence (except in constititional matters).

13. The Roaring Twenties… Huge economic growth! Cities grow! Urban population outnumbers rural population. Most (7/10) have electricity. Industry grows, business is good. Lots of $$$.

14. …and the CRASH. Black Thursday – October 24, 1929. Stock market crashes. Economic crisis – the great depression. Companies close, jobs are lost. 10 years of poverty.