1. 1 Biology 12 Molecules of Life – organic biochemistry b b To be considered organic, molecules must contain Carbon and Hydrogen atoms. Practice; organic or not? b b CH 4 bbH2ObbH2O b b CO 3 b b C 6 H 12 O 6 Yes No

2. 2 Molecules of life Dalton’s theory of the Atom states that all matter is made of atoms. Hence, all organic life is made of atoms. The atoms that are most important to life are; ¤Carbon (C) ¤Oxygen (O) ¤Hydrogen (H) ¤Nitrogen (N) ¤Sodium (Na) ¤Chlorine (Cl) ¤Phosphorous (P) ¤Potassium (K) *There are many others need for life but these are the major ones.

3. 3 Carbon b Carbon’s ability to form up to 4 covalent bonds with other atoms allows for the creation of a variety of geometric structures.

4. 4 Isomers b Molecules with the same chemical formula but with a different arrangement of atoms. b Isomers possess different shapes and different physical and chemical properties. b There are 2 types of isomers:

5. 5 1. Structural isomers b Their atoms are linked together differently. Example: Glucose and Fructose (Formula for both is C 6 H 12 O 6 )

6. 6 2. Sterioisomers b the bond structure is the same, but the geometrical positioning of atoms and functional groups in space differs. For example glucose and galactose.

7. 7 Functional groups b These groups are hydrophilic and typically polar with the exception of the phosphate group and therefore increase the solubility of the organic molecule to which they are attached. Ex: the hydroxyl (-OH) in ethanol

8. 8 Macromolecules b Small molecules can join together to form larger structures called macromolecules. b They are formed of long chains called polymers b The molecular sub-units of a polymer chain are called monomers b Ex: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids

9. 9 Molecules of Life b Two major reactions will build them up (anabolism) or degrade them (catabolism) Condensation and Hydrolysis are used to break down and form and other molecules of life.

10. 10 1. Condensation When two monosaccharides combine to form a disaccharide one loses 1 H and the other loses 1 H and 1 O. The 2 H and 1 O join to form 1 water molecule. This release of H 2 O is called condensation.

11. 11 Molecules of Life A. Condensation Reaction create the polymer chains. Water moleule

12. 12 Molecules of Life B. Hydrolysis: the breaking down of molecules by adding water

13. 13 Molecules of Life Divided into 4 categories. The four major molecules necessary for life are lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids.

14. 14Carbohydrates glucose

15. 15 Molecules of Life Carbohydrates: composed of C,H, and O. ( ratio of 2H to 1O ) Primary source of molecular energy. Produced by plants in the form of simple sugars (glucose, fructose, galactose) and polysaccharides (starch, cellulose). Simple sugars ( ie. Glucose monomer ) C 6 H 12 O 6 are called monosaccharides Two glucose molecules form a disaccharide. More than two sugar molecules joined make a polysaccharide.

16. 16 Lipids triglyceride

17. 17 Molecules of Life LIPIDS: composed of C,H,and O (ie. C 57 H 110 O 6 ) they are used in storing excess energy long term, and building of the cellular membrane. They help in the transmission of messages in the body as well. Produced by both plants and animals as fats, oils, waxes and steroids. Composed of fatty acid subunits attached to a glycerol (triglyceride) or other organic compound

18. 18 Proteins R group Amino acid

19. 19 Molecules of Life Proteins: composed of C, H, O and N ( nitrogen is a necessary element for forming amino acids, the building blocks of proteins ) a single protein may be formed from 100’s of amino acid monomers two amino acids make a dipeptide more make up a polypeptide Enzymes and hormones are examples of polypeptides. Enzymes are catalysts for chemical reactions. The type of polypeptide formed depends on the number and sequence of the amino acids that make it. ( there are 20 different amino acid groups ).

20. 20 Nucleic Acids

21. 21 Molecules of Life Nucleic Acids: composed of subunits called nucleotides. DNA ( deoxyribonucleic acid ) RNA ( ribonucleic acid ) These acids form the code that controls an organisms basic behavior and appearance. ATP is a nucleotide used to drive virtually all the energy in a cell.