1. Mining in Africa: role of lawyers to reconcile a huge potential geology and some significant political risks Stéphane Brabant, Partner, Herbert Smith LLP MineAfrica – London - 26 September, 2011

2. 2 Mining potential Source: Atlas de l’Afrique Selected minerals: Phosphates Iron ore Potash Gold Uranium Bauxite Copper

3. 3 The true size of Africa A small contribution in the fight against rampant immappancy, by Kai Krause UNITED STATES CHINA PART 2 INDIA Part 2 UK JAPAN PORTUGAL BELGIUM NETHERLANDS SWITZERLAND SPAIN EASTERN EUROPE FRANCE GERMANY ITALY Top 100 countries Area in square kilometers, Percentage of World Total Sources: Britannica, Wikipedia, Almanac 2010

4. 4 Africa toward political changes, democracy and governance Morocco Algeria Tunisia Libya Soudan Egypt Ethiopia Eritrea Somalia Kenya Tanzania Madagascar Zimbabwe Malawi Niger Chad DRC Central African Republic Cameroun Nigeria Congo Gabon Mozambique South African Lesotho Swaziland Botswana Namibia Angola Zambia Mauritania Mali Guinea Senegal Guinea-Bissau Sierra Leone Liberia Ivory Coast Burkina Faso Ghana Togo Benin Comoros Seychelles Uganda Rwanda Burundi Territorial Conflicts: Occidental Sahara – Morocco Ethiopia-Eritrea Eritrea Civil War: Central African Republic Democratic Republic of Congo Ivory Coast Senegal Somalia Soudan Civil unrest: Tunisie Libye Egypte Transitional Countries: Guinea Kenya Madagascar Niger Zimbabwe Source : Groupe Jeune Afrique « L’Etat de l’Afrique 2011 » Gambia

5. 5 International mining lawyers: build secure projects on the long term or « bankable » projects

6. 6 To comply with all local legislation from scratch taking into account local environment Systems based on civil law principles French legal system (Napoleonic Code) Portuguese, Spanish and Italian legal systems (largely based on Roman law) Systems based on common law principles Mixed civil law / common law based systems Two legal systems in Africa (sometimes complemented by Islamic law or customary law) NATIONAL LEGAL SYSTEMS Common law and civil law traditions

7. 7 To provide for Stability and Arbitration provisions

8. 8 To comply with ALL most demanding new and evolving principles of international law: The Social License to Operate and John Ruggie’s Framework (Protect/Respect and Remedy) and Guiding Principles including Guidance for negotiators (Human rights including Environment, expropriation/relocation, health, safety, education)

9. 9 Protection of Investors may not go without Protection of Human Rights “Life of Energy Practitioners has become much more demanding… and a competent counsel can no longer afford to neglect relevant international Soft Law” Thomas Wälde