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Evolution Chapter 15
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Two schools of thought Creationism – The belief that the universe and living organisms originate from divine creation Evolution – A gradual process in which something changes into a more complex form
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Creationism vs. Evolution CreationismEvolution DefinitionGod created everything in the universe Change of organisms over a long period of time Time of Earth’s existence More than 4,000 years 4.5 billion years Life started withGod made animals, plants, and people A single cell organism
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Creationism vs. Evolution Issue # 1: The origin of the earth Creation – God (or an intelligent designer) created the heavens and earth Evolution – several ideas (have not decided on one theory) Solar nebular theory – Hydrogen and helium came together to form stars. When stars die, they explode releasing clouds of gas and dust. The dust started to stick together. Over millions of years, they formed planets.
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Creationism vs. Evolution
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Issue # 2: People believed the earth was flat Columbus “proved” that the earth is round in the 15 th century Isaiah 40: 21-22 states that the earth has a circular shape
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Evolution Evolution – a change in an organism over a long period of time Charles Darwin – the father of evolution Wrote The Origins of Species Darwin had some proof to support his theory The shape of fossils Darwin’s time on the HMS Beagle Darwin’s trip to the Galapagos Islands Located off of South America
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Evolution Endemic species – a species which is only found in a given region or location and nowhere else in the world Two examples Galapagos tortoises and Galapagos finches
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Evolution Galapagos tortoises
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Evolution Galapagos finches
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Artificial Selection Artificial selection – breeding organisms with specific traits in order to produce offspring with identical traits Man chooses which traits organisms should have Example – dogs and cows
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Artificial Selection Example – beef cows vs. dairy cows
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Natural Selection Natural selection – Organisms with favorable variations survive, reproduce, and pass their variations to the next generation Selection occurs on its own or “naturally” Example – birds with long tail feathers
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Natural Selection Darwin called natural selection “survival of the fittest” Stronger organisms with preferred traits lived and made fertile offspring Example – Two populations of fish One population is faster than the other Natural selection would favor which population? “X” indicates faster swimmer
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Natural Selection Natural selection would favor polar bears in the arctic and grizzly bears in the taiga. Why?
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Adaptations: Evidence for Evolution Adaptation – any variation that aids an organism’s chances of survival in its environment Adaptations in species develop over many generations Adaptations of a frog
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Adaptations: Evidence for Evolution Several forms of adaptations: Mimicry – a structural adaptation that enables one species to resemble another species
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Adaptations: Evidence for Evolution Aggressive mimicry – a technique used by some animals to lure prey to them by mimicking something else Angler fish
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Adaptations: Evidence for Evolution Aggressive mimicry Golden orb weaver will weave heavy zig-zag lines of web to attract insects Found in Australia
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Adaptations: Evidence for Evolution Aggressive mimicry Snapping turtle’s tongue resembles a worm
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Adaptations: Evidence for Evolution Camouflage – an adaptation that enables species to blend with their surroundings
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Adaptations: Evidence for Evolution Warning coloration – A protection adaptation used by some animals that uses color to alert other animals to keep away Yellow jacket Poison dart frog
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Other Evidence for Evolution Anatomy Homologous structures – structures with common evolutionary origins Provides evidence of evolution from a common ancestor Examples: forelimbs of lizards, whales, humans, and birds
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Other Evidence for Evolution Analogous structures – structures that do not have a common evolutionary origin but are similar in function
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Other Evidence for Evolution Insect Pterodactyl Bat Bird Analogous structures
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Other Evidence for Evolution Vestigial structure – a structure in a present- day organism that no longer serves its natural purpose, but was probably useful to an ancestor Example: appendix
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Other Evidence for Evolution Embryology – the earliest stage of growth and development of both plants and animals
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