1. The Twenties, 1920— 1929

2.  During the 1920s, the U.S. experienced an incredible amount of change.  The 1920s have been called the first “modern” decade of the 20 th century.  Many trends that started then still influence our lives and culture today.

3. 1) Liberation – African-Americans and women, encouraged by their gains made during WWI, looked to improve their place in society and gain equal rights. 2) Creativity – New types of music (jazz & blues) became popular. Poets and authors created some of the greatest American literature.

4. 3) Birth of “Pop Culture” – Sports, music, & movie stars emerged as celebrities. -Movies, radio, magazines, and newspapers created new American heroes. 4) A Consumer Culture – Americans began to crave new, modern conveniences and household appliances –cars, radios, refrigerators, etc. Consumers often bought on credit or installment plans, creating a large amount of debt.

5. 5) Fear – Many Americans feared ‘foreign’ radical political ideas such as socialism, communism, and anarchism. -People also feared the new cultural changes that challenged their traditional beliefs.

6.  V.I. Lenin, dictator of the U.S.S.R. (Russia) promoted the spread of communism across the world.  Many Americans thought the labor strikes of 1919 were incited by the U.S.S.R & radical, communist union leaders in the U.S.  Numerous bombings across America in 1919- 1920 seemed to confirm there was a revolution brewing here.  Wall Street bombing (Sept. 16, 1920) killed 38 and injured 143!

7.  A. Mitchell Palmer, U.S. Attorney General, countered by going after suspected radicals (anarchists, socialists, and communists)  1000s were arrested & most were never charged with a crime  Many were innocent recent immigrants from S & E Europe  100s were deported to the U.S.S.R. via a ship known as the Buford which was called the “Red Ark”

8.  April 15, 1920 – S. Braintree, MA - 2 men at a shoe factory were robbed and murdered  2 Italians – Nicola Sacco & Bartolomeo Vanzetti were arrested & charged with the crime  There was little evidence against them; most feel they were victims of their ethnicity and ideology  August 23, 1927 – they were executed in the electric chair

9.  What were Americans afraid of during the Red Scare?

10.  Prohibition – 1919 (18 th Amendment) -believed getting rid of all alcohol would make the US better -govt officials not really enforce it, underpaid -bars = speakeasies -homebrew & bathtub gin & rotgut (blindness) -crime increased due to profits from sell of illegal alcohol -organized crime & gangs dev

11. -1925 “Scarface” Al Capone (Chicago) – one of the great crime bosses, -part of the St. Valentine’s Day Massacre (1929); 7 unarmed rival gang members were killed -never arrested for criminal activities but tax evasion & sentenced to 7 yr in prison -by 1930 the underworld annual take was between $12 to $18 billion

12.  Red Scare (1919 – 1920) -believed that a revolution could happen here just like in _____? -distrusted certain people, esp unions & anarchists -led by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer – Palmer Raids -Nichola Sacco & Bartolomeo Vanzetti convicted in 1921 of stealing & killing a paymaster; executed in 1927

13.  Aviation -Orville & Wilbur Wright flew on 12/17/03 at Kitty Hawk -Charles Lindbergh flew from NY to Paris nonstop on his Spirit of St. Louis in 1927 -1932 his son was kidnapped and later murdered -Bruno Richard Hauptmann was arrested and later executed for the murder

16.  Scopes Trial -based on teaching Darwin’s Theory of Evolution in schools -some states had laws prohibiting the teaching of it -”Monkey Trial” (1925) Dayton, Tenn = John T. Scopes high school teacher -Scopes found guilty & fined $100

17.  1920’s Prosperity greatly increased -people invested large sums of money -buying on margin (paying ½ of the price of stock & then borrow the rest) -new machines (assembly lines) helped mass production; problem with this? -buying on credit also popular **automobiles became popular (1930 = 30 million cars); >increased steel, rubber, glass, service stations >Detroit became car capital; Henry Ford’s Model T (Tin Lizzie)

18. -symbol of freedom but resulted in many deaths -no limit on speed -no driver’s license required at first

19.  Societal Changes -1920 more people lived in urban areas -women worked, had birth control options -short hair & short dresses (flapper)

23.  Jazz music becomes popular -Marcus Garvey’s “Back to Africa Movement” in the 1920’s  Literature -F. Scott Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby -Ernest Hemingway Farewell to Arms  President Warren G. Harding (1920) -many scandals plagued his admin

24. >Teapot Dome Affair – oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming & Elk Hills, CA >1921 Sec of Interior Albert Falls illegally leased these areas to oilmen for $100,000 >Fall is sentenced to 1 yr in prison  Harding died Aug. 2, 1923 from pneumonia -VP Calvin Coolidge took over

25. -Coolidge won >Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) -wanted to outlaw war & declared it illegal  Election of 1928 -Herbert Hoover (Rep) -Al Smith (Dem) Hoover won Everyone believed the good times would continue. But things were about to change.

26.  VOCABULARY 30 TERMS TOTAL P. 506 # 1 – 11 P. 526 # 3, 4, 7 ______________ P. 548 #1 – 15 P. 578 # 2