1. NON RENEWABLE ENERGY oil natural gas coalnuclear

2. ENERGY The ability to move matter around. That something which is necessary to maintain life and a vibrant society. The ability to move matter around. That something which is necessary to maintain life and a vibrant society. Law of Conservation of Energy – Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It can be changed from one form to another. Law of Conservation of Energy – Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It can be changed from one form to another.

3. Forms of energy Energy can be in the form of light, heat, sound, electricity, motion (kinetic energy), or stored as a potential energy. Energy can be in the form of light, heat, sound, electricity, motion (kinetic energy), or stored as a potential energy. No energy conversion is 100% efficient when changed from one form to the next. No energy conversion is 100% efficient when changed from one form to the next.

4. TYPES OF ENERGY RESOURCES About 76% of the commercial energy we use comes from nonrenewable fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and coal) with the remainder coming from renewable sources. About 76% of the commercial energy we use comes from nonrenewable fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and coal) with the remainder coming from renewable sources.

5. Energy Consumption in the United States Sequence of use Sequence of use 1. Wood 2. Water (steam) 3. Coal 4. Natural gas 5. Oil 6. Nuclear power 3, 4, and 5 = 83.5% of U.S. energy consumption

6. Energy Consumption in the United States

7. Fig. 16-2, p. 357 Oil and natural gas Floating oil drilling platform Oil storage Coal Contour strip mining Oil drilling platform on legs Geothermal energy Hot water storage Oil well Pipeline Geothermal power plant Gas well Valves Mined coal Pump Area strip mining Drilling tower Pipeline Impervious rock Underground coal mine Natural gas Water Oil Water is heated and brought up as dry steam or wet steam Water Coal seam Hot rock Water penetrates down through the rock Magma

8. TYPES OF ENERGY RESOURCES Commercial energy use by source for the world (left) and the U.S. (right). Commercial energy use by source for the world (left) and the U.S. (right). Figure 16-3

9. TYPES OF ENERGY RESOURCES Net energy is the amount of high-quality usable energy available from a resource after subtracting the energy needed to make it available. Net energy is the amount of high-quality usable energy available from a resource after subtracting the energy needed to make it available.

10. Electrical Power Production: The Beginning Michael Faraday 1831

12. OIL Crude oil (petroleum) is a thick liquid containing hydrocarbons that we extract from underground deposits and separate into products such as gasoline, heating oil and asphalt. Crude oil (petroleum) is a thick liquid containing hydrocarbons that we extract from underground deposits and separate into products such as gasoline, heating oil and asphalt. Only 35-50% can be economically recovered from a deposit. Only 35-50% can be economically recovered from a deposit. As prices rise, about 10-25% more can be recovered from expensive secondary extraction techniques. As prices rise, about 10-25% more can be recovered from expensive secondary extraction techniques. This lowers the net energy yield. This lowers the net energy yield.

13. OIL Refining crude oil: Refining crude oil: Based on boiling points, components are removed at various layers in a giant distillation column. Based on boiling points, components are removed at various layers in a giant distillation column. The most volatile components with the lowest boiling points are removed at the top. The most volatile components with the lowest boiling points are removed at the top. Figure 16-5

14. “OTHER” ITEMS “OTHER” ITEMS chemicals, fertilizer, plastic, synthetic fibers, rubber and even such everyday products such as petroleum jelly, ink, crayons, bubble gum, dishwashing liquids and deodorant chemicals, fertilizer, plastic, synthetic fibers, rubber and even such everyday products such as petroleum jelly, ink, crayons, bubble gum, dishwashing liquids and deodorant

15. LPGs LPGs ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, butane, butylenes, isobutane and isobutylene ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, butane, butylenes, isobutane and isobutylene

16. Petroleum coke The heaviest product The heaviest product Almost pure carbon Almost pure carbon The product that remains after all other hydrocarbons have been removed. The product that remains after all other hydrocarbons have been removed. Coke with low sulphur content is used as fuel for industries and power plants. Coke with low sulphur content is used as fuel for industries and power plants. Coke with high sulphur content is used as a catalyst in refineries Coke with high sulphur content is used as a catalyst in refineries

17. OIL OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) has 78% of the world’s proven oil reserves and most of the world’s unproven reserves. OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) has 78% of the world’s proven oil reserves and most of the world’s unproven reserves. After global production peaks and begins a slow decline, oil prices will rise and could threaten the economies of countries that have not shifted to new energy alternatives. After global production peaks and begins a slow decline, oil prices will rise and could threaten the economies of countries that have not shifted to new energy alternatives.

19. Inflation-corrected cost of total oil imported to the U.S. economy

21. Gasoline prices in today’s prices

22. Case Study: U.S. Oil Supplies The U.S. – the world’s largest oil user – has only 2.9% of the world’s proven oil reserves. The U.S. – the world’s largest oil user – has only 2.9% of the world’s proven oil reserves. U.S oil production peaked in 1974 (halfway production point). U.S oil production peaked in 1974 (halfway production point). About 60% of U.S oil imports goes through refineries in hurricane-prone regions of the Gulf Coast. About 60% of U.S oil imports goes through refineries in hurricane-prone regions of the Gulf Coast.

24. How Long Will the Oil Party Last? We have three options: We have three options: Look for more oil. Look for more oil. Use or waste less oil. Use or waste less oil. Use something else. Use something else. Figure 16-1

25. OIL Pros and Cons Pros High net energy yield High net energy yield Easily transported long distances Easily transported long distances Low land use Low land use Cons Burning oil for transportation accounts for 43% of global CO 2 emissions. Burning oil for transportation accounts for 43% of global CO 2 emissions. Subsidized oil discourages R&D for new energy sources Subsidized oil discourages R&D for new energy sources

26. Oil Shales Oil shales contain a solid combustible mixture of hydrocarbons called kerogen. Oil shales contain a solid combustible mixture of hydrocarbons called kerogen. Figure 16-9

27. Tar sand A.k.a. oil sand or bituminous sand A.k.a. oil sand or bituminous sand The sands contain naturally occurring mixtures of sand, clay, water, and a dense and extremely viscous form of petroleum technically referred to as bitumen The sands contain naturally occurring mixtures of sand, clay, water, and a dense and extremely viscous form of petroleum technically referred to as bitumen Large deposits found in Canada and Venezuela Large deposits found in Canada and Venezuela

28. Heavy oils Pros Large potential supply Large potential supply Easily transported Easily transported Cons It takes about 1.8 metric tons of oil sand to produce one barrel of oil. (One barrel is approximately 0.15 ton) It takes about 1.8 metric tons of oil sand to produce one barrel of oil. (One barrel is approximately 0.15 ton) Large land disruption Large land disruption Severe water pollution Severe water pollution High sulfur content High sulfur content

29. Keystone Pipeline Transport oil from the Athabasca Oil Sands in Alberta, Canada to multiple destinations in the United States, which include refineries in Illinois, an oil distribution hub in Oklahoma, and proposed connections to refineries along the Gulf Coast of Texas. Transport oil from the Athabasca Oil Sands in Alberta, Canada to multiple destinations in the United States, which include refineries in Illinois, an oil distribution hub in Oklahoma, and proposed connections to refineries along the Gulf Coast of Texas.

30. Dependence on Foreign Oil Video clip Video clip Video clip Video clip

31. NATURAL GAS Natural gas, consisting mostly of methane, is often found above reservoirs of crude oil. Natural gas, consisting mostly of methane, is often found above reservoirs of crude oil. When a natural gas-field is tapped, gasses are liquefied and removed as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). When a natural gas-field is tapped, gasses are liquefied and removed as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).

32. NATURAL GAS Russia and Iran have almost half of the world’s reserves of conventional gas, and global reserves should last 62-125 years. Russia and Iran have almost half of the world’s reserves of conventional gas, and global reserves should last 62-125 years. Natural gas is versatile and clean-burning fuel, (produces 30% less CO 2 when burned and releases methane (from leaks) into the troposphere). Natural gas is versatile and clean-burning fuel, (produces 30% less CO 2 when burned and releases methane (from leaks) into the troposphere).

33. Methane Breakdown

34. Sources of Natural Gas Natural gas fields Natural gas fields Associated with oil distillation Associated with oil distillation Coal beds Coal beds Coal beds and bubbles of methane trapped in ice crystals deep under the arctic permafrost and beneath deep-ocean sediments are unconventional sources of natural gas. Coal beds and bubbles of methane trapped in ice crystals deep under the arctic permafrost and beneath deep-ocean sediments are unconventional sources of natural gas.

35. Fracking Song

36. Biogas gas produced by the biological breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. gas produced by the biological breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Primarily comprised of methane and carbon dioxide Primarily comprised of methane and carbon dioxide

37. Biogas One cow can produce enough manure in one day to generate three kilowatt hours of electricity; only 2.4 kilowatt hours of electricity are needed to power a single one hundred watt light bulb for one day. One cow can produce enough manure in one day to generate three kilowatt hours of electricity; only 2.4 kilowatt hours of electricity are needed to power a single one hundred watt light bulb for one day. Nitrous dioxide and methane (major global warmers) are converted to CO 2 and H 2. Nitrous dioxide and methane (major global warmers) are converted to CO 2 and H 2.

38. Harvesting Methane from Cattle?

40. Landfill Recovery Landfills are the largest source of U.S. anthropogenic methane emissions. Landfills are the largest source of U.S. anthropogenic methane emissions. Landfill methane is produced when organic materials are decomposed by bacteria under anaerobic conditions. Landfill methane is produced when organic materials are decomposed by bacteria under anaerobic conditions.

41. COAL Coal is a solid fossil fuel that is formed in several stages as the buried remains of land plants that lived 300-400 million years ago. Coal is a solid fossil fuel that is formed in several stages as the buried remains of land plants that lived 300-400 million years ago. Figure 16-12

42. Types of Coal Lignite Lowest quality Lowest quality Crumbly Crumbly High moisture content High moisture content Found in Texas Found in Texas 25-35% carbon 25-35% carbon Bituminous Smooth/shiny Smooth/shiny Most abundant coal in the US Most abundant coal in the US 2-3 xs the heating value of lignite 2-3 xs the heating value of lignite 45-86% carbon 45-86% carbon Anthracite Highest quality Highest quality Deep black Deep black Metallic/glossy Metallic/glossy Found in Pennsylvania Found in Pennsylvania 86-97% carbon 86-97% carbon

43. U.S. Coal Deposits

45. Fig. 16-13, p. 369 Waste heat Coal bunker Turbine Cooling tower transfers waste heat to atmosphere Generator Cooling loop Stack Pulverizing mill Condenser Filter Boiler Toxic ash disposal Wet Scrubber

46. COAL Coal reserves in the United States, Russia, and China could last hundreds to over a thousand years. Coal reserves in the United States, Russia, and China could last hundreds to over a thousand years. The U.S. has 27% of the world’s proven coal reserves, followed by Russia (17%), and China (13%). The U.S. has 27% of the world’s proven coal reserves, followed by Russia (17%), and China (13%). In 2005, China and the U.S. accounted for 53% of the global coal consumption. In 2005, China and the U.S. accounted for 53% of the global coal consumption.

47. COAL Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel, but compared to oil and natural gas it is not as versatile, has a high environmental impact, and releases much more CO 2 into the troposphere. Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel, but compared to oil and natural gas it is not as versatile, has a high environmental impact, and releases much more CO 2 into the troposphere. Figure 16-14

48. COAL Coal can be converted into synthetic natural gas (SNG or syngas) and liquid fuels (such as methanol or synthetic gasoline) that burn cleaner than coal. Coal can be converted into synthetic natural gas (SNG or syngas) and liquid fuels (such as methanol or synthetic gasoline) that burn cleaner than coal. Costs are high. Costs are high. Burning them adds more CO 2 to the troposphere than burning coal. Burning them adds more CO 2 to the troposphere than burning coal.

49. COAL Since CO 2 is not regulated as an air pollutant and costs are high, U.S. coal- burning plants are unlikely to invest in coal gasification. Since CO 2 is not regulated as an air pollutant and costs are high, U.S. coal- burning plants are unlikely to invest in coal gasification. Figure 16-15

50. Primary and Secondary Effects From Burning Coal Global Warming Acid Rain Smog Burning Coal = CO 2 + SO + H 2 O + Ash + (C x H x S x O x ) Light + Noise + Heat

51. 300 Years of Fossil Fuels in 300 seconds

52. Nuclear Energy

53. Shoreham Nuclear Plant on Long Island, New York

54. Nuclear Share of Electrical Power

55. NUCLEAR ENERGY When isotopes of uranium and plutonium undergo controlled nuclear fission, the resulting heat produces steam that spins turbines to generate electricity. When isotopes of uranium and plutonium undergo controlled nuclear fission, the resulting heat produces steam that spins turbines to generate electricity. The uranium oxide consists of about 97% nonfissionable uranium-238 and 3% fissionable uranium-235. The uranium oxide consists of about 97% nonfissionable uranium-238 and 3% fissionable uranium-235. The concentration of uranium-235 is increased through an enrichment process. The concentration of uranium-235 is increased through an enrichment process.

56. Two Forms of Uranium Isotope: different (mass number) forms of the same element Isotope: different (mass number) forms of the same element U238 = 92 protons + 146 neutrons U238 = 92 protons + 146 neutrons U235 = 92 protons + 143 neutrons U235 = 92 protons + 143 neutrons

60. Terms and Definitions Fuel rods: rods full of U235 pellets Fuel rods: rods full of U235 pellets Moderator: fluid (water) coolant that slows down neutrons Moderator: fluid (water) coolant that slows down neutrons Control rods: moderate rate of the chain reaction by absorbing neutrons Control rods: moderate rate of the chain reaction by absorbing neutrons

61. A Nuclear Reactor

62. A Nuclear Reactor Is Designed To: Sustain a continuous chain reaction. Sustain a continuous chain reaction. Prevent amplification into a nuclear explosion. Prevent amplification into a nuclear explosion. Consist of an array of fuel and control rods. Consist of an array of fuel and control rods. Make some material intensely hot. Make some material intensely hot.

63. A Nuclear Reactor

64. Fig. 16-16, p. 372 Small amounts of radioactive gases Uranium fuel input (reactor core) Control rods Containment shell Heat exchanger Steam Turbine Generator Waste heat Electric power Hot coolant Useful energy 25%–30% Hot water output Pump Coolant Pump Moderator Cool water input Waste heat Shielding Pressure vessel Coolant passage Water Condenser Periodic removal and storage of radioactive wastes and spent fuel assemblies Periodic removal and storage of radioactive liquid wastes Water source (river, lake, ocean)

65. Fig. 16-18, p. 373 Decommissioning of reactor Fuel assemblies Reactor Enrichment of UF 6 Fuel fabrication (conversion of enriched UF 6 to UO 2 and fabrication of fuel assemblies) Temporary storage of spent fuel assemblies underwater or in dry casks Conversion of U 3 O 8 to UF 6 Uranium-235 as UF 6 Plutonium-239 as PuO 2 Spent fuel reprocessing Low-level radiation with long half-life Geologic disposal of moderate & high-level radioactive wastes Open fuel cycle today “Closed” end fuel cycle

66. What Happened to Nuclear Power? After more than 50 years of development and enormous government subsidies, nuclear power has not lived up to its promise because: After more than 50 years of development and enormous government subsidies, nuclear power has not lived up to its promise because: Multi billion-dollar construction costs. Multi billion-dollar construction costs. Higher operation costs and more malfunctions than expected. Higher operation costs and more malfunctions than expected. Poor management. Poor management. Public concerns about safety and stricter government safety regulations. Public concerns about safety and stricter government safety regulations.

67. NUCLEAR ENERGY In 1995, the World Bank said nuclear power is too costly and risky. In 1995, the World Bank said nuclear power is too costly and risky. In 2006, it was found that several U.S. reactors were leaking radioactive tritium into groundwater. In 2006, it was found that several U.S. reactors were leaking radioactive tritium into groundwater. Figure 16-19

68. NUCLEAR ENERGY When a nuclear reactor reaches the end of its useful life, its highly radioactive materials must be kept from reaching the environment for thousands of years. When a nuclear reactor reaches the end of its useful life, its highly radioactive materials must be kept from reaching the environment for thousands of years. At least 228 large commercial reactors worldwide (20 in the U.S.) are scheduled for retirement by 2012. At least 228 large commercial reactors worldwide (20 in the U.S.) are scheduled for retirement by 2012. Many reactors are applying to extent their 40- year license to 60 years. Many reactors are applying to extent their 40- year license to 60 years. Aging reactors are subject to embrittlement and corrosion. Aging reactors are subject to embrittlement and corrosion.

69. NUCLEAR ENERGY Building more nuclear power plants will not lessen dependence on imported oil and will not reduce CO 2 emissions as much as other alternatives. Building more nuclear power plants will not lessen dependence on imported oil and will not reduce CO 2 emissions as much as other alternatives. The nuclear fuel cycle contributes to CO 2 emissions. The nuclear fuel cycle contributes to CO 2 emissions. Wind turbines, solar cells, geothermal energy, and hydrogen contributes much less to CO 2 emissions. Wind turbines, solar cells, geothermal energy, and hydrogen contributes much less to CO 2 emissions.

70. NUCLEAR ENERGY Scientists disagree about the best methods for long-term storage of high-level radioactive waste: Scientists disagree about the best methods for long-term storage of high-level radioactive waste: Bury it deep underground. Bury it deep underground. Shoot it into space. Shoot it into space. Bury it in the Antarctic ice sheet. Bury it in the Antarctic ice sheet. Bury it in the deep-ocean floor that is geologically stable. Bury it in the deep-ocean floor that is geologically stable. Change it into harmless or less harmful isotopes. Change it into harmless or less harmful isotopes.

71. Terms and Definitions Radioactive emissions: subatomic particles (neutrons) and high-energy radiation (alpha, beta, and gamma rays) Radioactive emissions: subatomic particles (neutrons) and high-energy radiation (alpha, beta, and gamma rays) Radioactive wastes: materials that become radioactive by absorbing neutrons from the fission process Radioactive wastes: materials that become radioactive by absorbing neutrons from the fission process

72. Radioactive Decay Half life = the time for half the amount of a radioactive isotope to decay.

73. Half-life Molybdenum-99 (half-life = 2.8 days) Molybdenum-99 (half-life = 2.8 days) Xenon-133 (half-life = 5.3 days) Xenon-133 (half-life = 5.3 days) Krypton-85 (half-life = 10.7 years) Krypton-85 (half-life = 10.7 years) Cesium-137 (half-life = 30.0 years) Cesium-137 (half-life = 30.0 years) Plutonium-239 (half-life = 24,000 years) Plutonium-239 (half-life = 24,000 years) Uranium -235 (half-life = 703,800,000 years) Uranium -235 (half-life = 703,800,000 years)

74. NUCLEAR ENERGY After three or four years in a reactor, spent fuel rods are removed and stored in a deep pool of water contained in a steel-lined concrete container. After three or four years in a reactor, spent fuel rods are removed and stored in a deep pool of water contained in a steel-lined concrete container. Figure 16-17

75. NUCLEAR ENERGY After spent fuel rods are cooled considerably, they are sometimes moved to dry-storage containers made of steel or concrete. After spent fuel rods are cooled considerably, they are sometimes moved to dry-storage containers made of steel or concrete. Figure 16-17

76. Disposal of Radioactive Wastes (200 Thousand Tons) Finding long-term containment sites Finding long-term containment sites Transport of highly toxic radioactive wastes across the United States Transport of highly toxic radioactive wastes across the United States The lack of any resolution to the radioactive waste problem The lack of any resolution to the radioactive waste problem Environmental racism (enactment of any policy or regulation that negatively affects the living conditions of low-income or minority communities at a rate disproportionate from affluent communities) Environmental racism (enactment of any policy or regulation that negatively affects the living conditions of low-income or minority communities at a rate disproportionate from affluent communities) Cost ($60 billion to 1.5 trillion) Cost ($60 billion to 1.5 trillion)

77. Disposal of Radioactive Wastes To be safe, plutonium-239 would require 240,000 years (10 half-lives) of containment! To be safe, plutonium-239 would require 240,000 years (10 half-lives) of containment! Discuss the implications of this in terms of disposal of radioactive wastes. Discuss the implications of this in terms of disposal of radioactive wastes. Yucca mountain in southwestern Nevada = the nation’s nuclear waste repository Yucca mountain in southwestern Nevada = the nation’s nuclear waste repository

79. Yucca Mountain, Nevada

80. Nuclear Power Accidents Three Mile Island Three Mile Island 1979 1979 Harrisburg, PA Harrisburg, PA Loss of coolant in reactor vessel Loss of coolant in reactor vessel Damage so bad, reactor shut down permanently Damage so bad, reactor shut down permanently Unknown amount of radioactive waste released into atmosphere. Unknown amount of radioactive waste released into atmosphere.

81. Chernobyl, Russia

82. Case Study: The Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accident The world’s worst nuclear power plant accident occurred in 1986 in Ukraine. The world’s worst nuclear power plant accident occurred in 1986 in Ukraine. The disaster was caused by poor reactor design and human error. The disaster was caused by poor reactor design and human error. 56 people had died from radiation released. 56 people had died from radiation released. 4,000 – 93,000 more are expected from cancer and leukemia. 4,000 – 93,000 more are expected from cancer and leukemia.

83. How Chernobyl Blew Up Loss of water coolant perhaps triggered the accident. When the water-circulation system failed, the temperature in the reactor core increased to over 5,000 o F, causing the uranium fuel to begin melting and producing steam that reacted with the zirconium alloy cladding of the fuel rod to produce hydrogen gas. Loss of water coolant perhaps triggered the accident. When the water-circulation system failed, the temperature in the reactor core increased to over 5,000 o F, causing the uranium fuel to begin melting and producing steam that reacted with the zirconium alloy cladding of the fuel rod to produce hydrogen gas.

84. How Chernobyl Blew Up A second reaction between steam and graphite produced free hydrogen and carbon oxides. When this gas combined with oxygen, a blast blew off the top of the building, igniting the graphite. The burning graphite threw a dense cloud of radioactive fission products into the air. A second reaction between steam and graphite produced free hydrogen and carbon oxides. When this gas combined with oxygen, a blast blew off the top of the building, igniting the graphite. The burning graphite threw a dense cloud of radioactive fission products into the air.

85. Consequences of Radiation Exposure Block cell division Block cell division Damage biological tissues and DNA Damage biological tissues and DNA Death Death Cancer Cancer Birth defects Birth defects

86. Economic Problems with Nuclear Power Energy demand estimates were unrealistic. Energy demand estimates were unrealistic. Costs increase (5X) to comply with new safety standards. Costs increase (5X) to comply with new safety standards. Withdrawal of government subsidies to nuclear industry. Withdrawal of government subsidies to nuclear industry. Public protests delayed construction. Public protests delayed construction. Any accident financially ruins the utility. Any accident financially ruins the utility.

87. Comparing Nuclear Power with Coal Power

88. NUCLEAR ENERGY A 1,000 megawatt nuclear plant is refueled once a year, whereas a coal plant requires 80 rail cars a day. A 1,000 megawatt nuclear plant is refueled once a year, whereas a coal plant requires 80 rail cars a day. Figure 16-20