2. Chapter 9 Jails

3. Introduction Jails house the “rabble” Distinguished from prisons and lockups Differences from prisons Co-correctional County-run Urban Heterogeneous population Short term confinement

4. History of Jails Gaol – related to houses of correction Fee system John Howard History of Jails in America 1682 – Great Law of Philadelphia Walnut Street Jail Jailing for debt Jailing juveniles (Houses of Refuge)

5. The Twentieth Century Jail (1 of 2) Mostly county (85%) Functions of Jails Pretrial Detainees Misdemeanants Felons Others Juveniles

6. The Twentieth Century Jail (2 of 2) Population Characteristics About 53% are pre-trial detainees About 10% are women About 39% are Black Architecture Traditional Jails (linear) Second Generation Jails (remote design) New Generation Jails Functional living units

7. Jail Operations and Administration (1 of 3) Staffing and pay Less status than patrol deputies Legal Issues Section 1983 Habeas corpus lawsuits Mandamus actions Bell v. Wolfish

8. Jail Operations and Administration (2 of 3) Jail Standards Standards may be best defense against litigation Concerns that standards cannot be met, especially by smaller jails There are no mechanisms to enforce adherence to standards

9. Jail Operations and Administration (3 of 3) Overcrowding A lot of additional beds but national average still at 95% of capacity Special Needs Inmates The Mentally Ill (Wyatt v. Stickney, 1971) Alcoholics Drug Addicts Sex Offenders Suicide: 35% of all deaths in local jails Juvenile suicides

10. Jail Socialization and Subculture A Day In The Life Jail time is “dead time” Prisoner subculture is less extreme than prison but still violent