1. Chapter 16 The South and the Slavery Controversy 1793-1860

2. “Cotton is King!” Cotton Kingdom –Gulf states= quick profits –Northern states tied to cotton production –½ of American exports in 1840 –Great Britain

3. Returning from the Cotton Fields in South Carolina African American slaves planted and picked virtually all the cotton that formed the foundation of the nineteenth-century southern economy. The white South ferociously defended its “peculiar institution” of slavery, which ended at last only in the fires of the Civil War.

4. Harvesting Cotton This Currier & Ives print shows slaves of both sexes harvesting cotton, which was then “ginned,” baled, carted to the riverbank, and taken by paddle wheeler downriver to New Orleans for shipment to New Eng land or overseas.

5. The Planter Class South= oligarchy 1850: 1,733 families owned over 100 slaves Class division in South –Feudal idealism or “sham society?” Gender division  no desire for abolition

6. Slaveowning Families, 1850 More than half of all slaveholding families owned fewer than four slaves. In contrast, 2 percent of slaveowners owned more than fifty slaves each. A tiny slaveholding elite held a majority of slave property in the South. The great majority of white southerners owned no slaves at all.

7. Southern Cotton Production and Distribution of Slaves, 1820

8. Southern Cotton Production and Distribution of Slaves, 1860

9. Southern Makeup Land butchery Small farmers pushed out  one crop economy Slave speculation= risky, could die/run away No manufacturing No immigration  South= WHITE

12. The Cruelty of Slavery Slaveowners used devices like this collar with bells to discipline and patrol their slaves. This female slave shown toiling in New Orleans has such a collar riveted around her neck, designed to prevent her from hiding from her master or escaping

13. Slave Nurse and Young White Master

14. The Whites Small Southern minority= large slaveholders –¼ of South= slave owners –Smaller slave owners= worked along side ¾ of whites owned no slaves  “snobocracy” –“Poor white trash” –Still fought to preserve slavery  why? –Isolated mountain whites in Appalachians –“rich man’s war, poor man’s fight”

15. Free Blacks 1860: 250,000 free blacks in South –Revolutionary War idealism, mulattoes, bought freedom –Practically no rights, served as a reminder of emancipation= hated 1860: 250,000 free blacks in North –No rights, competition, racism

16. Slavery’s Profits 4 million slaves by 1860 –Importation outlawed 1808, still smuggled –Natural reproduction Slaves= focus of wealth  use Irish for dangerous work Deep South Psychological effects- Uncle Tom’s Cabin

17. Life in Bondage Life in slavery varied Minimal legal protection- couldn’t testify Lack of a wage incentive Illegal to read or write “Black Belt” of the Deep South –Cultural and family ties –Combined Christian and African traditions

18. Rebellion Rebellion in small ways on a day to day basis Few armed rebellions –Gabriel in 1800 Virginia –Denmark Vesey in 1822 Charleston, SC –Nat Turner in 1831 Virginia Created white fear

19. Early Abolitionism Abolition after Revolution The American Colonization Society –Republic of Liberia 1830’s: reform movements, 2 nd Great Awakening –Theodore Dwight Weld and the Lane Rebels

20. “Am I Not a Man and a Brother? Am I Not a Woman and a Sister?”

21. Radical Abolitionism William Lloyd Garrison The American Antislavery Society 1833 –Wendell Phillips (white- no sugar or cotton clothes), David Walker (black- militant, end to white supremacy), Sojourner Truth (black- women’s rights too), Martin Delaney (black- recolonization) Frederick Douglass- runaway slave, orator Abolitionist political parties

22. William Lloyd Garrison (1805– 1879) The most conspicuous and most vilified of the abolitionists, Garrison was a nonresistant pacifist and a poor organizer. He favored northern secession from the South and antagonized both sections with his intemperate language.

23. Sojourner Truth Also known simply as “Isabella,” she held audiences spellbound with her deep, resonant voice and the religious passion with which she condemned the sin of slavery. This photo was taken about 1870.

24. Frederick Douglass (1817?–1895) Born a slave in Maryland, Douglass escaped to the North and became the most prominent of the black abolitionists. Gifted as an orator, writer, and editor, he continued to battle for the civil rights of his people after emancipation. Near the end of a distinguished career, he served as U.S. minister to Haiti.

25. In Defense of Slavery This pair of illustrations contrasts the supposedly benevolent slave regime of the South with the harshness of working life in England, where starvation wages and unemployment blighted workers’ lives. Apologists for slavery frequently invoked this comparison between allegedly paternalistic slavemasters and the uncaring capitalists who captained the Industrial Revolution.

26. Southern Reaction Southern antislavery movements stopped 1830’s White apologists and proslavery movement began to defend “peculiar institution” –Good of slavery contrasted to Northern “wage slaves” Gag Resolution 1836

27. Northern Reaction Garrison seen as a radical Bargain made in Constitution North tied to South economically Mobs attacked abolitionists Growing numbers did see slavery as an evil –Free Soilers