1. Microelectronic Circuit Design McGraw-Hill Chapter 4 Field-Effect Transistors Microelectronic Circuit Design Richard C. Jaeger Travis N. Blalock

2. Microelectronic Circuit Design McGraw-Hill Depletion-Mode MOSFETS NMOS transistors with Ion implantation process used to form a built-in n-type channel in device to connect source and drain by a resistive channel Non-zero drain current for v GS =0, negative v GS required to turn device off.

3. Microelectronic Circuit Design McGraw-Hill Transfer Characteristics of MOSFETS Plots drain current versus gate-source voltage for a fixed drain-source voltage

4. Microelectronic Circuit Design McGraw-Hill Body Effect or Substrate Sensitivity Non-zero v SB changes threshold voltage, causing substrate sensitivity modeled by where V TO = zero substrate bias for V TN (V)  body-effect parameter   F = surface potential parameter (V)

5. Microelectronic Circuit Design McGraw-Hill Enhancement-Mode PMOS Transistors: Structure P-type source and drain regions in n-type substrate. v GS <0 required to create p-type inversion layer in channel region For current flow, v GS< v TP To maintain reverse bias on source-substrate and drain- substrate junctions, v SB <0 and v DB <0 Positive bulk-source potential causes V TP to become more negative

6. Microelectronic Circuit Design McGraw-Hill Enhancement-Mode PMOS Transistors: Output Characteristics For, transistor is off. For more negative v GS, drain current increases in magnitude. PMOS is in triode region for small values of V DS and in saturation for larger values.

7. Microelectronic Circuit Design McGraw-Hill MOSFET Circuit Symbols (g) and(i) are the most commonly used symbols in VLSI logic design. MOS devices are symmetric. In NMOS, n + region at higher voltage is the drain. In PMOS p + region at lower voltage is the drain

8. Microelectronic Circuit Design McGraw-Hill Process-defining Factors Minimum Feature Size, F : Width of smallest line or space that can be reliably transferred to wafer surface using given generation of lithographic manufacturing tools Alignment Tolerance, T: Maximum misalignment that can occur between two mask levels during fabrication

9. Microelectronic Circuit Design McGraw-Hill Mask Sequence for a Polysilicon-Gate Transistor Mask 1: Defines active area or thin oxide region of transistor Mask 2: Defines polysilicon gate of transistor, aligns to mask 1 Mask 3: Delineates the contact window, aligns to mask 2. Mask 4: Delineates the metal pattern, aligns to mask 3. Channel region of transistor formed by intersection of first two mask layers. Source and Drain regions formed wherever mask 1 is not covered by mask 2

10. Microelectronic Circuit Design McGraw-Hill Basic Ground Rules for Layout F=2  T=F/2=  could be  1, 0.5, 0.25  m, etc.

11. Microelectronic Circuit Design McGraw-Hill Internal Capacitances in Electronic Devices Limit high-frequency performance of the electronic device they are associated with. Limit switching speed of circuits in logic applications Limit frequency at which useful amplification can be obtained in amplifiers. MOSFET capacitances depend on operation region and are non-linear functions of voltages at device terminals.

12. Microelectronic Circuit Design McGraw-Hill NMOS Transistor Capacitances: Triode Region C ox ” =Gate-channel capacitance per unit area(F/m 2 ). C GC =Total gate channel capacitance. C GS = Gate-source capacitance. C GD =Gate-drain capacitance. C GSO and C GDO = overlap capacitances (F/m).

13. Microelectronic Circuit Design McGraw-Hill NMOS Transistor Capacitances: Triode Region (contd.) C SB = Source-bulk capacitance. C DB = Drain-bulk capacitance. A S and A D = Junction bottom area capacitance of the source and drain regions. P S and P D = Perimeter of the source and drain junction regions.

14. Microelectronic Circuit Design McGraw-Hill NMOS Transistor Capacitances: Saturation Region Drain no longer connected to channel

15. Microelectronic Circuit Design McGraw-Hill NMOS Transistor Capacitances: Cutoff Region Conducting channel region completely gone. C GB = Gate-bulk capacitance C GBO = gate-bulk capacitance per unit width.

16. Jaeger/Blalock 4/25/07 Microelectronic Circuit Design McGraw-Hill Chap 4-16 SPICE Model for NMOS Transistor Typical default values used by SPICE: K n or K p = 20  A/V 2  = 0 = 0 V TO = 1 V  n or  p = 600 cm 2 /V.s 2  F = 0.6 V C GDO =C GSO =C GBO =C JSW = 0 T ox = 100 nm

17. Jaeger/Blalock 4/25/07 Microelectronic Circuit Design McGraw-Hill Chap 4-17 Exam 1 HW 1-3 solutions will be posted on website. Exam 1 is on Tuesday September 22 (6:30-7:30 pm) at LILY 1105. The exam 1 covers Semiconductor Materials, Diodes, Bipolar Junction Transistors. Field- effect Transistors will not be tested. The exam 1 has 10 questions with multiple choice. It is 60 minutes (close-book). You are not allowed to look at textbooks, class-notes, etc. by the exam. You are allowed and must use calculator. All "complicated" equations will be given. The exam questions are different from another session since we have a little bit different syllabus. Our exam room is LILY 1105. Session 1 will share the same room with us. I have a special helping time for you to prepare the test. I will have open office hours on Monday (9/21) 1:30pm-5:00pm and Tuesday (9/22) 1:30pm- 5:00pm to help you prepare for the exam. Please also use the TAs and Help room as much as possible to prepare your exam.