1. Photon propagation and ice properties Bootcamp 2010 @ UW Madison Dmitry Chirkin, UW Madison r air bubble photon

2. Propagation in diffusive regime absorptionscattering  r 2 =A. r 1  = = 

3. Mie scattering theory Continuity in E, H: boudary conditions in Maxwell equations e -ikr+i  t e -i|k||r| r

4. Mie scattering theory Analytical solution! However: Solved for spherical particles Need to know the properties of dust particles: refractive index (Re and Im) radii distributions

5. Mie scattering theory Dust concentrations have been measured elsewhere in Antarctica: the “dust core” data

6. Mie scattering - General case for scattering off particles Scattering function: approximation

7. Scattering and Absorption of Light Source is blurred Source is dimmer scattering absorption a = inverse absorption length (1/λ abs ) b = inverse scattering length (1/λ sca )

8. scattered absorbed Measuring Scattering & Absorption Install light sources in the ice Use light sensors to: - Measure how long it takes for light to travel through ice - Measure how much light is delayed - Measure how much light does not arrive Use different wavelengths Do above at many different depths

9. Embedded light sources in AMANDA 45° isotropic source (YAG laser) cos  source (N 2 lasers, blue LEDs) tilted cos  source (UV flashers)

10. Timing fits to pulsed data Fit paraboloid to  2 grid ►Scattering: e ±  e ►Absorption: a ±  a ►Correlation:  ►Fit quality:  2 min Make MC timing distributions at grid points in e - a space At each grid point, calculate  2 of comparison between data and MC timing distribution (allow for arbitrary t shift )

11. Fluence fits to DC data d1d1 d2d2 DC source In diffusive regime: N(d)  1/d exp(-d/ prop )  prop = sqrt( a e /3) c = 1/ prop d log(Nd) slope = c c1c1 c2c2 c1c1 dust No Monte Carlo!

12. Light scattering in the ice bubbles shrinking with depth dusty bands

13. Wavelength dependence of scattering

14. Light absorption in the ice LGM

15. 3-component model of absorption Ice extremely transparent between 200 nm and 500 nm Absorption determined by dust concentration in this range Wavelength dependence of dust absorption follows power law

16. A 6-parameter Plug-n-Play Ice Model b e (,d ) a(,d ) scattering absorption b e ( ,d ) Power law: -  3-component model: CM dust -  + Ae - B / T(d )T(d ) Linear correlation with dust: CM dust = D·b e (400) + E A = 6954 ± 973 B = 6618 ± 71 D = 71.4± 12.2 E = 2.57 ± 0.58  = 0.90 ± 0.03  = 1.08 ± 0.01 Temperature correction:  a = 0.01a  T id=301 id=302 id=303

17. AHA model Additionally Heterogeneous Absorption: deconvolve the smearing effect

18. Is this model perfect? Fits systematically off Points at same depth not consistent with each other! Individually fitted for each pair: best possible fit

19. Is this model perfect? Averaged scattering and absorptionFrom ice paper Measured properties not consistent with the average! Deconvolving procedure is unaware of this and is using the averages as input When replaced with the average, the data/simulation agreement will not be as good

20. SPICE: South Pole Ice model Start with the bulk ice of reasonable scattering and absorption At each step of the minimizer compare the simulation of all flasher events at all depths to the available data set do this for many ice models, varying the properties of one layer at a time  select the best one at each step converge to a solution!

21. Dust logger

22. IceCube in-ice calibration devices 3 Standard candles 56880 Flashers 7 dust logs

23. Correlation with dust logger data effective scattering coefficient (from Ryan Bay) Scaling to the location of hole 50 fitted detector region

24. Improvement in simulation by Anne Schukraft by Sean Grullon Downward-going CORSIKA simulation Up-going muon neutrino simulation

25. Photon tracking with tables First, run photonics to fill space with photons, tabulate the result Create such tables for nominal light sources: cascade and uniform half-muon Simulate photon propagation by looking up photon density in tabulated distributions  Table generation is slow  Simulation suffers from a wide range of binning artifacts  Simulation is also slow! (most time is spent loading the tables)

26. Light propagation codes: two approaches (2000) PTD Photons propagated through ice with homogeneous prop. Uses average scattering No intrinsic layering: each OM sees homogeneous ice, different OMs may see different ice Fewer tables Faster Approximations Photonics Photons propagated through ice with varying properties All wavelength dependencies included Layering of ice itself: each OM sees real ice layers More tables Slower Detailed

27. photonicsBulk PTDLayered PTD PTD vs. photonics: layering average ice type 1 type 2 type 3“real” ice 3 3 3 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2

28. Direct photon tracking with PPC simulates all photons without the need of parameterization tables using Henyey-Greenstein scattering function with =0.8 using tabulated (in 10 m depth slices) layered ice structure employing 6-parameter ice model to extrapolate in wavelength transparent folding of acceptance and efficiencies Slow execution on a CPU: needs to insert and propagate all photons Quite fast on a GPU (graphics processing unit): is used to build the SPICE model and is possible to simulate detector response in real time. photon propagation code