1. URBAN PATTERNS CHAPTER 12 “Cities have always been the fireplaces of civilization, whence light and heat radiated out into the dark, cold world.” - Theodore Parker

2. STATISTICS OF URBANIZATION  Total population of the world and the US - 6,215,000,000- 287,400,000  Total urban population of the world - 2,800,000,000 or 45%  Total urban population of the US - 225,000,000 or 78%

3. CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION  SITE – the physical characteristics of a specific area  Originally located for commerce and defense - peninsulas and islands for earliest cities (Venice, Paris) - hills useful because of defense and drainage (Rome, Houston)

4. CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION  SITE – the physical characteristics of a specific area  Fresh water access - domestic consumption - level of industrialization, standard of living, and population growth

5. CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION  SITE – the physical characteristics of a specific area  Transportation - Access to water routes more important prior to railroads - NYC, Pittsburgh, San Francisco - Fall Line cities – NYC, Philadelphia, Washington DC, Richmond Va., Columbia SC, Columbus Ga.

6. CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION  SITE – the physical characteristics of a specific area  Geological character - Manhattan Island on stable bedrock - Venice, Los Angeles, Mexico City are on earthquake and flood plains

7. CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION  SITUATION – relative location of a place  Mumbai, India – adjacent to cotton fields  Birmingham, England – near coal deposits  Johannesburg, South Africa – centrally located around diamond mines  Houston, Tex. – near oil fields in Gulf of Mexico  Chicago, Ill. – major manufacturing adjacent to Corn Belt

8. CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION  SITUATION – relative location of a place Situation can change over time – + discovery of new resource + construction of new recreational lake - change in transportation patterns - agricultural areas effected by drought

9. FUNCTIONS OF A CITY  Jobs and Services  Residential  Trade and Commerce  Manufacturing  Public Administration  Personal Services

10. IMPACT OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ON URBANIZATION  Urbanization has nearly doubled every 50 years since 1800  Mechanization has brought an increased flow of migrant labor  England was the first place in world history to have more urban dwellers than rural dwellers (1850)  In 1800, Paris was only European city on mainland to exceed 500,000; by end of century Paris, Berlin, Vienna, St. Petersburg, and Moscow all over 1 million!

11. METROPOLITAN DEVELOPMENT IN US JOHN BORCHERT  Sail – Wagon Epoch (1790-1830)  Atlantic coastal communities oriented toward Europe  Boston, NYC, Philadelphia have only small domestic hinterlands  Iron Horse Epoch (183-1870)  Crude national railroad network  Railroads converged with internal waterways  Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland St. Louis develop

12. METROPOLITAN DEVELOPMENT IN US JOHN BORCHERT  Steel-Rail Epoch (1870-1920)  Rapid development of iron and steel industries  Rapid industrial growth within Northeast and Midwest  Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920-present)  Complex highway and air transportation  Improved amenities and speed led to increase suburban development  Sunbelt migration