1. 4. Electrons and electronics 4.5 Digital electronics

2. Digital electronics 1. Analog signals: The electrical signals which are continuous and which can have any value over a given range are called analog signals. In an analog signal, the values of current or voltage vary continuously with time.

3. Digital electronics 2. Digital signal: A digital signal is a discontinuous function of time. It has two discrete values or voltage levels 0 and 1.The zero refers to some low value while 1 refers to some high value.

4. Digital electronics Analog watchDigital watch

5. Digital electronics 3. What is logic? Logic is a form of reasoning which tells us whether a statement is true or false when certain conditions are true or false. Eg: 1.AND operation 2.OR operation 3.NOT operation

6. Digital electronics  Electrical analog of AND operation

7. Digital electronics  Electrical analog of OR operation

8. Digital electronics  Electrical analog of NOT operation

9. Digital electronics 4. Logic circuit: A logic circuit is an electronic circuit, which represents a logic function.  Digital instruments use logic circuits to measure a quantity and then display it in a numerical reading form.

10. Digital electronics  Logic gate : A logic gate is an electronic circuit with one or more inputs and only one output. There are three basic logic gates 1. OR gate 2. AND gate and 3. NOT gate

11. Digital electronics  Truth table: A table which gives all the possible combinations of input variables and the corresponding output for a logic gate is called a Truth table.

12. Digital electronics  The OR gate An OR gate has two input signals and only one output signal. The logic symbol of a two input OR gate is shown in the figure Output Y = A + B

13. Digital electronics

14.  The AND gate: The AND gate has two or more inputs and only one output. It is a circuit whose output is one if and only if all the inputs are one.

15. Digital electronics Output Y = A B

16. Digital electronics  The NOT gate: A NOT gate has only one input and one output. It is a device whose output is always the complement of the input i.e. the output of a NOT gate is one when its input is zero and vice-versa.

17. Digital electronics

18. UNIVERSAL GATES By combining the three basic gates a large number of gates can be obtained. Hence these three gates are called Universal gates.

19. Digital electronics  NAND gate: If the output of an AND gate is connected to the input of a NOT gate, the resultant gate so obtained is known as NAND gate. NAND is the abbreviation for NOT-AND

20. Digital electronics  NAND gate

21. Digital electronics  NOR gate: When the output of an OR gate is connected to the input of a NOT gate the resultant combination is known as a NOR gate. NOR is the abbreviation for NOT-OR.

22. Digital electronics NOR gate

23. Digital electronics  NOT gate using NAND gate

24. Digital electronics  OR gate using NAND gates This is same as

25. Digital electronics  The OR gate is the NAND gate with the inputs inverted

26. Digital electronics This same as AND gate using NAND gate

27. Digital electronics  NAND-NOT = AND

28. Digital electronics  NOR gate using NAND gates

29. Digital electronics  This completes the description of the basic logic gates. These gates can be combined to make the larger circuits needed to make a computer processor. These larger circuits are multiplexors (data selectors), registers, the adder, and the logic that controls the computer.