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CS 8421 Computing Systems, Dr. Hoganson Copyright © 2004, 2006 Dr. Ken Hoganson CS8421-9-13-2006 Class Will Start Momentarily… CS8421 Computing Systems.

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Presentation on theme: "CS 8421 Computing Systems, Dr. Hoganson Copyright © 2004, 2006 Dr. Ken Hoganson CS8421-9-13-2006 Class Will Start Momentarily… CS8421 Computing Systems."— Presentation transcript:

1 CS 8421 Computing Systems, Dr. Hoganson Copyright © 2004, 2006 Dr. Ken Hoganson CS8421-9-13-2006 Class Will Start Momentarily… CS8421 Computing Systems Dr. Ken Hoganson Transistor/Gate Experiments

2 CS 8421 Computing Systems, Dr. Hoganson Copyright © 2004, 2006 Dr. Ken Hoganson 3-Input AND from Transistors Illustrates basic use of IDL-800 Illustrates construction of gates Illustrates the “transistor bleed-through” problem that affects the AND circuit.

3 CS 8421 Computing Systems, Dr. Hoganson Copyright © 2004, 2006 Dr. Ken Hoganson Transistors in Series A B Out C V+ Construction of 3-Input (A,B,C) AND from transistors. Note the resistor and output are at the “bottom”. Three inputs (from switches)

4 CS 8421 Computing Systems, Dr. Hoganson Copyright © 2004, 2006 Dr. Ken Hoganson

5 CS 8421 Computing Systems, Dr. Hoganson Copyright © 2004, 2006 Dr. Ken Hoganson Connection to Power + 5 volt power supply. Connects to top transistor Next slide shows the connection to power. A B Out C V+

6 CS 8421 Computing Systems, Dr. Hoganson Copyright © 2004, 2006 Dr. Ken Hoganson

7 CS 8421 Computing Systems, Dr. Hoganson Copyright © 2004, 2006 Dr. Ken Hoganson Connection to Ground A B Out C V+ After the output. Through the current-limiting resistor.

8 CS 8421 Computing Systems, Dr. Hoganson Copyright © 2004, 2006 Dr. Ken Hoganson

9 CS 8421 Computing Systems, Dr. Hoganson Copyright © 2004, 2006 Dr. Ken Hoganson Connection to Logic Switches A B Out C V+ Switches connect to each transistor. Switches are either: 0-off, no voltage, or 1-On, +5 volts

10 CS 8421 Computing Systems, Dr. Hoganson Copyright © 2004, 2006 Dr. Ken Hoganson

11 CS 8421 Computing Systems, Dr. Hoganson Copyright © 2004, 2006 Dr. Ken Hoganson Measuring Output with the Meter A B Out C V+ 2.13 Digital Volt Meter connects to output, and to the ground. It measures the voltage differential between those two points.

12 CS 8421 Computing Systems, Dr. Hoganson Copyright © 2004, 2006 Dr. Ken Hoganson

13 CS 8421 Computing Systems, Dr. Hoganson Copyright © 2004, 2006 Dr. Ken Hoganson Measuring Output with a LED The output can be connected to a Light Emitting Diode (LED) rather than to the DVM. A voltage of around 2.5 and greater will cause the LED to light. The LED is already wired on one end to the ground. A current limiting resistor ensure that the LED does not receive too great a voltage and current.

14 CS 8421 Computing Systems, Dr. Hoganson Copyright © 2004, 2006 Dr. Ken Hoganson

15 CS 8421 Computing Systems, Dr. Hoganson Copyright © 2004, 2006 Dr. Ken Hoganson Voltage – 1 input on A B Out C V+ 2.13 Illustrates the “transistor bleed-through” effect.

16 CS 8421 Computing Systems, Dr. Hoganson Copyright © 2004, 2006 Dr. Ken Hoganson

17 CS 8421 Computing Systems, Dr. Hoganson Copyright © 2004, 2006 Dr. Ken Hoganson Voltage – 2 inputs on A B Out C V+ 2.84 Illustrates the “transistor bleed-through” effect. Two transistors, larger voltage detected. This voltage is large enough to be detected as a “1” by the LED.

18 CS 8421 Computing Systems, Dr. Hoganson Copyright © 2004, 2006 Dr. Ken Hoganson

19 CS 8421 Computing Systems, Dr. Hoganson Copyright © 2004, 2006 Dr. Ken Hoganson Voltage 3 inputs on A B Out C V+ 4.07

20 CS 8421 Computing Systems, Dr. Hoganson Copyright © 2004, 2006 Dr. Ken Hoganson

21 CS 8421 Computing Systems, Dr. Hoganson Copyright © 2004, 2006 Dr. Ken Hoganson “Bleed-Through” voltage can light a LED, and be detected as a “1” A B Out C V+ 2.83 Illustrates the “transistor bleed-through” effect. Two transistors, larger voltage detected. This voltage is large enough to be detected as a “1” by the LED.

22 CS 8421 Computing Systems, Dr. Hoganson Copyright © 2004, 2006 Dr. Ken Hoganson

23 CS 8421 Computing Systems, Dr. Hoganson Copyright © 2004, 2006 Dr. Ken Hoganson Use NANDs or NORs Need to support AND, OR and NOT as Boolean operations Manufacturing cost: Single silicon layering don’t need to support two places (layers) to connect resistors, or measure output AND/OR different layer from NOT Complete set of operations – NAND or NOR can be wired for any logic: Fabricate a chip with one type of gate Avoids AND “transistor bleed-through” problem Actual modern logic implementations will vary as technologies evolve

24 CS 8421 Computing Systems, Dr. Hoganson Copyright © 2004, 2006 Dr. Ken Hoganson NAND gate Changing the location for sampling output voltage reverses the operation. Relocate the current limiting resistor. A B Out C V+ Out A B C V+ AND NAND

25 CS 8421 Computing Systems, Dr. Hoganson Copyright © 2004, 2006 Dr. Ken Hoganson

26 CS 8421 Computing Systems, Dr. Hoganson Copyright © 2004, 2006 Dr. Ken Hoganson Close-up of transistors in series, with: Output ahead of the transistors Current-limiting resistor Three input wires from switches

27 CS 8421 Computing Systems, Dr. Hoganson Copyright © 2004, 2006 Dr. Ken Hoganson Close-up of switches One switch for each transistor base

28 CS 8421 Computing Systems, Dr. Hoganson Copyright © 2004, 2006 Dr. Ken Hoganson Connection to DVM and LED Note, that the output is high (4.69v) And, the LED is “ON”

29 CS 8421 Computing Systems, Dr. Hoganson Copyright © 2004, 2006 Dr. Ken Hoganson No problem with “Transistor Bleed- Though” Note that two switches are ON. With the AND, this produces a 2.8v output.

30 CS 8421 Computing Systems, Dr. Hoganson Copyright © 2004, 2006 Dr. Ken Hoganson No problem with “Transistor Bleed- Though” Note that two switches are ON. With the AND, this produces a 2.8v output, or an incorrect “1” for the AND. Here, it produces a clear “1” at 4.7v, and lights the LED, correct for a NAND.

31 CS 8421 Computing Systems, Dr. Hoganson Copyright © 2004, 2006 Dr. Ken Hoganson Note that all three switches are now ON.

32 CS 8421 Computing Systems, Dr. Hoganson Copyright © 2004, 2006 Dr. Ken Hoganson Note that all three switches are now ON. With the NAND, the output is a “0”, at 0.06v, and the LED is OFF. Note the large voltage difference between a “0” at 0.06v, and a “1” at 4.69v: a differential of 4.63v The voltage differential for the AND is only 4.07- 2.87=1.2v

33 CS 8421 Computing Systems, Dr. Hoganson Copyright © 2004, 2006 Dr. Ken Hoganson Caution Do not connect inputs A, B, or C directly to the 5v power supply, as there is no current-limiting resistor between the inputs and ground. The logic switches on the IDL-800 are “conditioned” to control their response. In actuality, the inputs to a logic gate, are generally other logic devices, and are NOT directly connected to the power supply (see diagram). Note that there are other implementations of logic gates, using different technologies, using less current, lower voltages, and switching faster. Out A B C V+

34 CS 8421 Computing Systems, Dr. Hoganson Copyright © 2004, 2006 Dr. Ken Hoganson End of Lecture End Of Today’s Lecture.

35 CS 8421 Computing Systems, Dr. Hoganson Copyright © 2004, 2006 Dr. Ken Hoganson Blank Slide

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