1. Flies

2. General remarks 1. A large group of dipterous insects. 2. Medical importance 1) blood sucker 2) mechanical vector 3) parasites ( myiasis)

3. Outstanding shape 1. Stout( 肥胖 )body with short abdomen, usually with metallic luster. 2. short antenna, only 3 segments, an arista arising from dorsal side of third segment. 3. characterized wing venation. 4. lapping mouthparts in majority. 5. hairy body and sticky legs, long bristles, tenuous hairs on pulvilli. 6. sexes: width of frons( 额 ): separate in females, close together in males.

6. rostrum haustellum labella

13. Biology 1. Holometabola: 8- 12 days Egg—1 day  larvae(3 stage)—30 C 5 d  pupa—3-4 d  adult.

14. Egg 1) Banana shaped, whitish colored 1-2 mm long. 2) Hatches in 8-12 hrs.

16. Larva ( maggot 蛆 ) 1) shape: conical, slender, creamy white with pointed head and blunt end. 12 mm long, no eyes. 2) 3 instars in a duration of 4-8 ds. 3) Breeding places: (a) feces (b) garbage (c) crop residues (d) decaying animal and fish.

19. Pupa 1) Ellipsoidal, dark brown in color. 2) 3-6 ds for transformation to adult

21. Adult (1) Food taking 1) Synanthropes: 2) Feed human food and excrement alike. Feed on manure, decaying organic materials, excreta and all animal discharges and all kinds of delicious food.

22. 3) Methods of ingestion: first dissolve the solid food by regurgitating (or omit) a part of its liquid from the mouth and then ingest by lapping. The vomit spots and food prints are left where the fly craws. The fly defecates randomly. Furthermore, the fly always brushes its body with its legs at any movement. All these favor the transmission of all kinds of pathogens.

23. (2) Proliferous fecundity 2000 eggs / female, 7-8 generations in a fly season, April-August. 1.91x 10 20, cover the earth to a depth of 47 feet.

24. (3) Range of flight about 300 m – 1500 m and influenced by wind and traffic. (4) Seasonal distribution: they appear from April to November, and are most prevalent in summer and autumn.

25. (5) Hibernation: Pupa, adult, and larva in some spp.

26. Flies frequently found in China

33. 厩螫蝇（ Stomoxys calcitrans ） 体长 5 ～ 8mm ，暗灰色，形似舍蝇， 刺吸式口器，胸部背面有不清晰的 4 条 黑色纵纹，第四纵脉末端呈弧形弯曲。 幼虫主要孳生在禽、畜粪或腐败的植物 质中，成虫在室外活动，刺吸人畜血液。

34. Relation to diseases 1. Blood sucking flies Glossina: cyclodevelopmental transmitter of African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness.

35. 2. Non-piercing or contaminating flies 1) Bacterial enteric infections, cholera, yaws, eye-diseases, typhoid paratyphoid, poliomyelitis and other enteroviral infection. TB. Amoebae, helminthes. 2) As the intermediate host of Thelazia callipaeda.

36. 3. Myiasis: the disease produced by maggot parasitic in the host tissues on open wound, stomach or intestine and nasopharynx, eyes etc.

37. Control 1. Two principles 1) begin early in the season before fly population abundant. 2) Concentrate primarily on sanitation to prevent larval development rather than on destruction of the adult fly.

38. 2. Disposal of animal manure. 3. Sanitary disposal of human excrement. 4. Sanitary disposal of garbage. 5. Control of the adult. 6. Eliminating pupae.