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1 Andrew Chi-Chih Yao Tsinghua University Quantum Computing: A Great Science in the Making
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Make the case: Quantum Computing is Great Science What is quantum computing? Why many find it so exciting? 2
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Paradigms for Great Science 3
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1) X-Ray Crystallography 1895, Roentgen, discovered X-rays 1912, von Laue, confirmed X-ray diffraction 4 X-ray Crystal
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5 1) X-Ray Crystallography 1913, W. Henry Bragg and W. Lawrence Bragg, derived math formula to determine crystal structures 1920s, structures of metals and inorganic molecules 1937-1954, Hodgkin, biological molecules 1950s, Perutz & Kendrew, myoglobin structure 1950s, Crick, Watson, Wilkins, Franklin, Double Helix 1960 – present, many more molecules Paradigms for Great Science
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Macro-Biological Molecules 6
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7 2) Computers 1901, Hilbert, mechanization of proofs in math 1936, Turing, invented Turing machine model 1945, von Neumann, electronic computer design 1940-50s, Shockley, Bardeen & Brattain, invented transistors 1960 – present, developed enormous computing power & applied everywhere Paradigms for Great Science
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8 Great science often happens when A disruptive technology enables new explorations previously unimaginable Paradigms for Great Science
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The Case for Quantum Computing 9
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10 A disruptive computing technology: -- Computes f(n) by: 1. Grow a crystal C depending on f, n 2. Shine a quantum wave on C 3. Observe the diffraction pattern & figure out f(n) -- Software simulates Hardware exponentially more efficient The Case for Quantum Computing
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11 Simon’s Problem: x: 001011 F(x): 100110 2 to 1 mapping: There exists a secret s such that F(x+s) = F(x) Problem: Determine s Note: classical algorithms must make exponentially many queries F(x) = ? black box F Example : Simon’s Problem
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12 light source x bright spots dark spots wallscreen
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13 light source x wallscreen y z amp=
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14 light source x wallscreen y z amp= x + s
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15 light source x wallscreen y z amp= x + s
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16 Light patterns on the wall determines s Quantum computing: -- don’t need 2 N holes on screen or 2 N X 2 N dots on the wall -- can be implemented with N X 2N bits -- each bright spot location 1 bit of information on s Example : Simon’s Problem
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17 An important result: Shor developed an efficient quantum algorithm for factoring large integers. His method uses an approach similar to Simon’s algorithm. N = p * q secret Example : Simon’s Problem
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Sooner Than You Think 18
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Major Quantum Information Centers US NIST/U. Maryland – Joint Quantum Institute (JQI), with 29 professors including 1997 Nobel Laureate W.D. Phillips , supported by NIST , NSF , DOD. Harvard/MIT - Center for UltraCold Atoms (CUA) , with 15 professors including 2001 Nobel Laureate W. Ketterle , supported by NSF , DOD. Caltech/Microsoft Q-station , with 17 professors including Fields Medalist M. Freedman , supported by NSF, DOD, and Microsoft. In Canada, Perimeter Institute/Waterloo - Institute for Quantum Computing (IQC) , started with 100 million US dollars In Singapore, National U of Singapore – Center for Quantum Technologies (CQT), 5 years 100 million US dollars Centers in Europe, Japan, China,... 19
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Quantum Network Project at Tsinghua Internet is an indispensible part of modern society: Is a quantum network a remote goal? 20
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Motivation Quantum network is needed for practical realization of both quantum communication and computation For Quantum Communication: 21 Quantum repeater network: Increase communication distance Distance limited by channel attention length! ~ 15km Sending single-photon pulses
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Motivation Quantum network is needed for practical realization of both quantum communication and computation 22 For Quantum Computation: Expandable quantum computational network: To increase computational size and complexity David Wineland
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Vision for Quantum Network/Computer 23
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rf dc Ion Trap Quantum Register & Computation Node 24
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| = ||V + ||H H V Quantization Axis (m=0) (m=1) Experimental entanglement between 1 ion and 1 photon S 1/2 P 3/2 pulsed excitation Blinov, Moehing, Duan, Monroe Nature 428, 153 (2004). | | 25
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D. L. Moehring, P. Maunz, S. Olmschenk, K. C. Younge, D. N. Matsukevich, L.-M. Duan, and C. Monroe, Nature 449, 68 (2007). Entanglement of remote ions: Entanglement fidelity: 87(2)% 26
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Conclusions 27
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28 Conclusions (1) Great science often happens when: Scientific theories interact; scientific disciplines interact New technology becomes available Quantum computing is in this happy situation!
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Conclusions (2) What is Great Science? It must have deep impact Quantum Simulation can help design new materials, test physics theories It must uplift the human spirit Learns the language of the atomic worlds and asks the atoms to dance elegantly for computation 29
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Thank You! 30
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