1. Ecology Biomes & Populations

2.  Biome –A large, relatively distinct terrestrial region with characteristic  Climate  Soil  Plants  Animals  Interacting landscapes

3. Using precipitation and temperature to identify biomes

4. Significance of precipitation in temperate biomes

5. The world’s major biomes

6.  Human effect on biomes –Tundra  Oil exploration and military exercises result in long-lasting damage –Taiga/Boreal forest  Clearcut logging destructive –Temperate and deciduous forests and tropical rain forests  Removed by logging and development

7.  Aquatic ecosystems –Important environmental factors  Salinity  Amount of dissolved oxygen  Availability of light for photosynthesis

8.  Aquatic life divided into –Plankton  Free-floating organisms –Nekton  Strongly swimming organisms –Benthos  Bottom-dwelling organisms

9. Zonation in a large lake

10. Thermal stratification in a temperate lake

11.  Marine environments –Intertidal zone  Shoreline between low and high tides –Benthic environment  The ocean floor –Neritic province  Open ocean from shoreline to depth of 200 m –Oceanic province  Ocean deeper than 200 m

12. Zonation in the ocean

13. Human effect on water biomes  Eutrophication – water is enriched w/nutrients, usually fertilizers from runoff –Causes increase in organism growth that leads to depleted oxygen

14. Types of lakes  Which has greater primary productivity?

15.  Population density –Number of individuals of a species per unit at a given time  Population dispersion (spacing) –Clumped dispersion –Uniform dispersion –Random dispersion

16. Dispersion of individuals with a population

17.  Four factors that produce changes in population size –Natality –Mortality –Immigration –Emigration

18.  Intrinsic rate of increase (r max ) –Maximum rate at which species or population can increase under ideal conditions –Carrying capacity (K) is the largest population that can be maintained  Exponential population growth (J-shaped curve)  Logistic population curve (S- shaped curve)

19. Exponential population growth

20. Carrying capacity and logistic population growth

21.  Density-dependent factors –Regulate population growth by affecting a large proportion of the population as population rises –Examples include predation, disease, and competition  Density-independent factors –Limit population growth but are not influenced by changes in population density –Examples include hurricanes and blizzards

22.  Survivorship curves –Type I  Mortality is greatest in old age (large mammals) –Type II  Mortality is spread evenly across all ages ( birds, small mammals) –Type III  Mortality is greatest among the young (insects)

23. Survivorship curves

24. Age structure diagrams

25.  Developing countries tend to have people overpopulation that degrades the environment  Developed countries have consumption overpopulation that degrades the environment