1. Kingdom Protista Chapter 20

2. General Characteristics of Protists: ALL Eukaryotes that cannot be classified as a plant, animal, or fungus. They have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles; some are autotrophic, some are heterotrophic; some are multicellular, most are unicellular.

3. They are classified by the way they OBTAIN NUTRITION.

4. Three kinds of protists Animal-like (consume food) Plant-like (make their own food) Fungus-like (decomposer)

5. Animal-like Protists Called Protozoans- meaning “first animals” Examples: –Zooflagellates –Sarcodines –Ciliates –Sporozoans

6. Protozoans these are “Animal-like” protists that consume their food (heterotrophs) Unicellular characterized by modes of locomotion (how they move) –Cilia –Flagella –Pseudopod

7. Zooflagellates Characteristics: move by flagella (one or two) Reproduction: mostly asexual by mitosis, some sexual reproduction- produce gametes that fuse Role/Function: –Mostly free swimming –Some are parasites –Trypanosoma causes African Sleeping Sickness, Giardia causes diarrhea –Termites have a zooflagellate living inside them that helps them digest wood Trichomonas

8. nucleus flagella Zooflagellates

9. Sarcodines Characteristics: move by pseudopods- extensions of cytoplasm Reproduction: asexually by mitosis Role/Function: –free-swimming in aquatic environments –Amebic dysentery (diarrhea) Ameba proteus Pseudopod Nucleus

11. Ciliates Characteristics: –use cilia for movement and feeding –Have a macronucleus (active nucleus) and micronucleus (reserve copy) Reproduction: asexually by mitosis, can exchange material through conjugation (Figure 20-6 in book) Role/Function: free-living Paramecium

13. Ciliates Macronucleus Micronucleus Cilia

14. Sporozoans Characteristics: Do not move on their own Reproduction: complex reproduction with two phases- a sexual phase and asexual phase inside two different organisms! Role/Function: –Parasitic –Malaria is caused by the sporozoan Plasmodium

16. Nucleus Sporozoans

18. Plant-like (Algae) Unicellular –Euglenophyta –Chrysophyta –Bacilliarophyta (Diatoms) –Pyrrophyta (Dinoflagellates) Multicellular –Rhodophyta –Phaeophyta –Chlorophyta

19. Unicellular Algae (describe their ecology/uses): – autotrophic, capture sunlight with chlorophyll and other accessory pigments to make food – base of many aquatic food chains Example: phytoplankton- floating photosynthetic organisms

20. Euglenophyta Characteristics: two flagella, no cell wall Reproduction: asexually by mitosis Role/Function: –free-swimming –can absorb material for food- recycling sewage –can lead to algal blooms choking waters of nutrients

22. Euglenophyta Flagellum Nucleus Chloroplast

23. Chrysophyta Characteristics: –cell walls sometimes of pectin –Gold-colored chloroplasts Reproduction: asexually and sexually Role/Function: free-floating Known as “golden algae”

24. Diatoms Characteristics: secrete thin cell walls of silica (main component of glass) Reproduction: asexually and sexually Role/Function: –Free-floating, or –live in soil

25. Pyrrophyta-Dinoflagellates Characteristics: have two flagella and thick cell wall Reproduction: asexually by mitosis Role/Function: responsible for red tides (algal bloom of dinoflagellates that secrete toxins that can cause illness paralysis, and death in fish and humans)

27. Dinoflagellates Nucleus Flagella

28. Multicellular Algae (describe their ecology/uses)- –Autotrophic –Multicellular –some have specialized tissue –seaweeds and kelp –used in foods such as sushi, ice cream, salad dressing, candy, etc.

29. Red Algae (Rhodophyta) Characteristics: contain pigments- Chlorophyll a and Phycobilins (red) Reproduction: sexually Role/Function: –Deeper sea, great at harvesting light –Help form coral reefs –Some used in foods and to make agar

31. Brown algae (Phaeophyta) Characteristics: contain pigments Chlorophyll a and c and Fucoxanthin (brown) Reproduction: sexually by mitosis and meiosis Role/Function: –Form large habitats in aquatic ecosystems –Used some in food

32. Green algae (Chlorophyta) Characteristics: –unicellular, colonial, or multicellular –chlorophyll a and b Reproduction: sexually by mitosis and meiosis like true plants Role/Function: some form symbiotic relationships with other organisms Spirogyra- multicellular Volvox- colonial Ulva- multicellular

33. Alternation of Generations

35. Kaikoura, New Zealand

38. Fungus-like Slime Molds Water Molds

39. Fungus-like (describe their ecology/uses): –heterotrophic using external digestion to break down dead and decaying organic matter

40. Slime Molds Characteristics: –cellular or acellular (masses with several nuclei) –Unicellular but can gather and act multicellular Reproduction: sexually Role/Function: Forest floor or composting- recycle organic matter

41. Water Mold Characteristics: –also called oomycetes (O-O-my-sets) –Produce filaments called hyphae Reproduction: sexually and asexually Role/Function: –dead decaying matter in aquatic environments –some are plant parasites –attack tomatoes and potatoes