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Chapter 3 Cytology Part 1 Biology Mr. Cobb
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Cytology The study of cells First observed and noted by Robert Hooke in 1665. Cork cells Named cells because it looked like rooms in a monastery.
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Original Microscope
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Other people noticing cells Leeuwenhoek saw living organisms in 1674 Robert Brown found the nucleus in 1833. Protoplasm – the “stuff” inside the cell.
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Cell Theory The cell is the basic unit of life Cells perform all the functions of living things. Cells come from pre-existing cells
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Levels of Cellular Organization Unicellular – one – cell organisms Colonial organism – a collection of similar cells living together. Multi-cellular tissues organs organ system
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Cell Jobs Absorb Digestion Excrete Egestion Secretion Synthesis Respiration
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Animal Cell
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Plant Cell Anatomy
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Two Types of Cells Eukaryotic Cells Has a membrane bound nucleus Membrane bound organelles in the cytoplasm Organelles - a structure that performs special functions in the cell. Prokaryotic Cells Bacteria and Blue-green algae Lack a membrane around nucleus Contains only non-membrane bound organelles
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Plasma Membrane Separates the cell from the environment. Regulates what comes in and out of the cell. Contains lipids, because lipids do not dissolve in H 2 O Phospholipids in a lipid bilayer. Membrane proteins throughout the membrane with different functions.
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Plasma Membrane
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Cell Wall Only in plant cells outside the plasma membrane Made of cellulose and rigid 2 of them Primary Secondary Has pores for transport and communication.
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Cell Wall
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Cytoplasm Everything inside the cell except the nucleus. Cytoplasmic streaming is moving the organelles around inside the cell.
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Mitochondria “Powerhouse” Bean shaped Turn chemical energy in sugar into usable energy Two membranes Cristae – inner membrane with many folds for more surface area. Have their own DNA (directly from maternal lineage)
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Mitochondria
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Ribosome Non-membrane bound organelle found in prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Used to make proteins Free floating or on the ER Made of 2 parts (we will discuss this later)
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Around the nucleus Rough ER has ribosomes on it, smooth ER does not. Rough ER produces proteins. Smooth ER produces lipids and hormones.
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Rough ER
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Golgi Final processing and packaging of produced compounds. UPS of the cell, packaging compounds into sacs.
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Golgi Body
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Lysosomes W hat does “lys” mean? L ys means to break down. B reak down invaders, food, old cell components.
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Cytoskeleton Tiny fibers inside the cell. Shape Strength Move structures around the cell.
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Cytoskeleton
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Flagella and Cilia Flagellum is a long tail. Cilia are short hairs that cover the cell
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Plastids Found in cells of plants, algae and few others. Storage containers 2 types: Leukoplasts – contain starch or oil for the plant Chromoplasts – contain pigments Best known is chloroplasts.
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Chloroplasts Converts light energy into chemical energy. “football shaped” Have their own DNA (like the mitochondria)
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Chloroplast structure Thylakoids – sacks Granum – stacks of thylakoids Stroma – fluid Chlorophyll – green pigments Function – making sugar
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Chloroplast
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Nucleus “control center” DNA replication and RNA transcription Nuclear Envelope is a double membrane that surrounds the nucleus. Nuclear pores or openings Chromatin material – DNA and other proteins Nucleolus – center part of nucleus
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Nucleus
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Vacuoles Membrane-bound sac Function: storage Food Waste Secretion Pinocytic Central vacuole in plants
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Cytoskeleton 3 Types: Microfilaments – support network inside cell Intermediate filaments – strength Microtubules – internal framework for transportation
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