1. Chemistry Specific Genres

2. Audience (Who ) Purpose ( Why ) The Genre Theory Genre ( text-type) Each writing task has : Each genre has its distinctive schematic structure and language features

3. Common genres in Questions with Effective Communication in CE Chemistry Exam Procedural Account 程序記述 Descriptive Report 描述報告 Comparison 比較語體 Causal Explanation 原因解說 Factorial Explanation 因素解說 Sequential Explanation 順序解說 Argument 論說語體 Explanation 解說語體

4. Purposes of different genres

5. GenrePurpose Procedural Account 程序記述  To tell how an activity is to be accomplished through a sequence of steps.  To show about “Doing Science” e.g. recipes, science experiments, instructions, manuals, games Instruction words or typical questions which signal this purpose : Describe the process of … Outline how … could be done. What could you do to … ? How would you prove … ? How is … done ? How does it work ?

6. GenrePurpose Causal Explanation 原因解說  To explain how processes occur with causes and reasons  To show about “Explaining Science” Instruction words or typical questions which signal this purpose : Explain why … occurs Account for …. Give reasons for why … occurs. How can … be explained ? What causes … ?

7. GenrePurpose Comparison 比較語體  To compare the similarities and the differences between different items or concepts  To show about “Describing Science” Instruction words or typical questions which signal this purpose : According to … compare Point out the differences between… Discuss the similarities and differences between … Compare the advantages and disadvantages of …

8. GenrePurpose Argument 論說語體  To put forward a point of view  To show about “Debating Science” e.g. advertisement, editorial, persuasive essay Instruction words or typical questions which signal this purpose : To persuade Write a persuasive speech convincing others how … Do you agree ? Give your reasons. To show your opinion / viewpoint on ….

9. Some more genres

10. GenrePurpose Descriptive Report 描述報告  To provide accurate and relevant information about things  To show about “Describing Science” e.g. informational report, descriptive essay, media article, biography Instruction words or typical questions which signal this purpose : Describe … Give a description of … Give the criteria for … List the characteristics of …. Explain the term / definition of … State the principle … What are the properties of …? What are the functions of … ? What do … do ? What is necessary for … ? What can you infer / conclude from …? What will happen if … ? What did you observe ?

11. GenrePurpose Factorial Explanation 因素解說  To explain how processes occur with various factors  To show about “Explaining Science” Instruction words or typical questions which signal this purpose : What causes … ? What is the effect of … on … ? What factors affect ….?

12. GenrePurpose Sequential Explanation 順序解說  To explain how processes occur in a series of chronological steps  To show about “Explaining Science” Instruction words or typical questions which signal this purpose : Explain how … works or was formed Explain what happens when … Account for …. How can … be explained ? What causes … ? What is the effect of … on … ?

13. GenrePurpose Discussion 議論語體  To present the case for more than one point of view about an issue, concluding with a recommendation  To show about “Debating Science” e.g. Findings from research, investigations and formal inquiries Essays or articles written to argue opposing viewpoints on an issue Instruction words or typical questions which signal this purpose : Discuss the pros and cons of … Write about the both sides of viewpoints on …. and give your recommendation.

14. Note: In reality, texts are often mixtures of genres e.g. Practical report Project report

15. AL Chem TAS Report Writing Doc B

16. Schematic Structure & Language Features of different genres 語體的 圖式結構 及 語言特色

17. Genre Schematic Structure Language Features Procedural Account 程序記述 Goal ( 目的 ) – the desired outcome by following the steps Materials ( 物料 ) needed (optional) - usually in the order that are required Steps ( 步驟 ) - usually numbered or properly sequenced Diagrams or illustrations or chemical / mathematical equations (optional) – to construct subject knowledge Result / Conclusion ( 結果 / 總結 ) Use imperatives ( 祈使語氣 ) Omit subject nouns ( 省略主語 ) (e.g. You, I) to express objectivity Use connectives / adverbs expressing time & sequence ( 連詞 / 副詞表示時間次序 ) (e.g. First, then, next, finally) Use connectives / adverbs expressing cause & effect ( 連詞 / 副詞表示因果關係 ) (e.g. Because, since, as a result, therefore, hence)

18. GenreSchematic StructureLanguage Features Causal Explanation 原因解說 Phenomenon Identification ＊ ( 現象確認 ) – a general statement about the phenomenon to be explained, which may be a heading or a question Explanation Sequences ( 解說序列 ) – a series of events / the phases of the process link with the causes Third Person Pronoun ( 第三人稱 代名詞 ) - to reflect objectivity Simple Present Tense ( 簡單現在式 )- to present factual information Use connectives / adverbs expressing cause & effect ( 連詞 / 副詞表示因果關係 ) (e.g. As a result, therefore, hence)

19. GenreSchematic StructureLanguage Features Comparison 比較語體 Comparison point ( 比較點 ) – generally state out the aspect or points arising from the comparison between items or concepts, as the clear foundation of later comparison Elaborations ( 闡釋 ) – Detailed comparison between items or concepts points by points Simple Present Tense ( 簡單現在 式 ) - to present factual information Use connectives / adverbs expressing contrast ideas ( 連詞 / 副詞表示 轉折關係 ) ( e.g. whereas, while, however, on the other hand, on the contrary, different from) Use connectives / adverbs expressing similarity ( 連詞 / 副 詞 表示相似關係 ) (e.g. Similarly, likewise, similar to, as …as, the same as, also)

20. GenreSchematic structureLanguage Features Argument 論說語體 A thesis and a preview ( 立場 ) of the argument to be presented (Background information may be included) Presentation of arguments ( 論述 ) - making points which strengthen the thesis; presenting evidence or examples to support each point Restating the thesis ( 重申立場 ) Use words to express opinions ( 表示意見 的用語 ) (e.g. It is thought that, feel, think, believe ) Use modal verbs / phrases to express possibility ( 情態動詞 / 片語表示可能性 ) (e.g. can, may, must, might, could, should) (e.g. certainly, probably, likely, possibly) Use connectives / adverbs expressing cause & effect ( 連詞 / 副詞表示因果關係 ) (e.g. As a result, therefore, hence) Use connectives / adverbs expressing contrast ideas ( 連詞 / 副詞表示轉折關係 ) ( e.g. whereas, while, however, on the other hand, on the contrary, different from) Use connectives / adverbs expressing addition ( 連詞 / 副詞表示遞進 ) (e.g. furthermore, in addition..)

22. GenreSchematic StructureLanguage Features Descriptive Report 描述報告 General statement ( 概述 ) - can be a statement of classification, including a definition, may also clarify what type of report the text is Sequence of descriptive facts ( 描述 ) – pertaining to the subject of the report, grouped logically through paragraphing or sub- headings Labelled illustrations, diagrams, figures, tables and examples (optional) – accompany and support the written text Repeated use of subject name ( 主語 )for emphasizing the topic Third Person Pronoun ( 第三人稱 代名詞 ) - to reflect objectivity Simple Present Tense ( 簡單現在 式 )- to present factual information Use words giving definition (e.g. are, is, can be seen as) or descriptions ( consists of, is composed of …) or classification ( is classified, belong to …) ( 表示屬性, 特質, 分類等用語 ) Use connectives / adverbs expressing addition ( 連詞 / 副詞表示遞進 ) (e.g. furthermore, in addition..)

23. GenreSchematic StructureLanguage Features Factorial Explanation 因素解說 Phenomenon Identification ( 現象確認 ) – a general statement about the phenomenon to be explained, which may be a heading or a question Factor Elaboration ( 因素闡釋 ) – a series of factors description related to the process happened Third Person Pronoun ( 第三人稱 代名詞 ) - to reflect objectivity Simple Present Tense ( 簡單現在 式 )- to present factual information Use connectives / adverbs expressing cause & effect ( 連詞 / 副詞表示因果關係 ) (e.g. As a result, therefore, hence)

24. GenreSchematic StructureLanguage Features Sequential Explanation 順序解說 ＊ Phenomenon Identification ( 現象確認 ) ＊ – a general statement about the phenomenon to be explained, which may be a heading or a question ＊ Explanation Sequences ＊ ( 解說序列 ) ＊ – a series of events / the phases of the process in the order they happen Third Person Pronoun ( 第三人稱 代名詞 ) - to reflect objectivity Simple Present Tense ( 簡單現在 式 ) - to present factual information Use connectives / adverbs expressing cause & effect ( 連詞 / 副詞表示因果關係 ) (e.g. As a result, therefore, hence) Use connectives / adverbs expressing time & sequence ( 連詞 / 副詞表示時間次序 ) (e.g. First, then, next, finally)

25. GenreSchematic Structure Language Features Discussion 議論語體 ＊ A statement ( 立場 ) of the issue & a preview of the various side of the argument ＊ Presentation of arguments for and against ( 正反兩方論 述 ) – making points on each, presenting evidence and other elaboration on each argument ＊ Recommendation ( 推 薦 ) ＊ – a conclusion which summarizes each position presented and gives a concluding recommendation Use words to express opinions ( 表示意 見的用語 ) (e.g. It is thought that, feel, think, believe ) Use modal verbs / phrases to express possibility ( 情態動詞 / 片語表示可能性 ) (e.g. can, may, must, might, could, should) (e.g. certainly, probably, likely, possibly) Use connectives / adverbs expressing cause & effect ( 連詞 / 副詞表示因果關係 ) (e.g. As a result, therefore, hence) Use connectives / adverbs expressing contrast ideas ( 連詞 / 副詞表示轉折關係 ) ( e.g. whereas, while, however, on the other hand, on the contrary, different from) Use connectives / adverbs expressing addition ( 連詞 / 副詞表示遞進 ) (e.g. furthermore, in addition..)

26. Chemistry Specific Genres Doc C