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THE UNITED STATES IN WORLD WAR II The End of Neutrality
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By 1941 American neutrality was one-sided -secret talks with Britain about entering the war -FDR’s Lend-Lease Program; “Arsenal of Democracy” -aid sent to the USSR -key to sending aid was the Atlantic supply lines and the German submarine “wolf packs” -1941 Churchill and FDR sign the Atlantic Charter to outline their goals for WWII- led to the UN
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The Japanese Attack the US -Japan felt encouraged by the success of Germany -felt provoked by US actions; trade embargo, assessts frozen -US leaders expected an attack, but not Pearl Harbor -Japan gambled on a sudden attack that would destroy the US fleet, but missed the aircraft carriers -declaration of war was received after attack -Philippines, Guam, Hong Kong also attacked -US declares war on Japan, Germany and Italy declare war on the USA
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USS Arizona after attack on Pearl Harbor American prisoners on the Battan Death March
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Americans at Home Help Win the War -American industrial power was the key element arms and machinery produced rapidly -Women participated in all branches of the military in non-combat roles (WACs, WAVEs, ferry pilots) -Blacks used in segregated units- Red Ball Express, Tuskeegee Airmen -One army regiment was of Japanese-Americans -”Relocation” of the Nisei unfair
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A Tuskeegee Airman examines bullet holes in his plane after a mission
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The U.S. Work Force Was Reorganized -US had full employment and high wages; inflation -women and minorities replaced men in factories, etc -were some racial tensions; riot in Detroit -FDR issued order banning racial discrimination in companies with government contracts -transportation and raw materials allocated by gov’t -agricultural production and prices doubled -almost everything was rationed, recycling urged -taxes increased, prices were controlled, bond sales -research into rockets, radar, Manhattan Project
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Fighting in the Europe and the Pacific -Axis powers were winning until 1942 surrender of Philippines, Bataan Death March -European war got first priorityin men and supplies -the Dolittle Raid raised American morale -sonar and convoy system won Battle of the Atlantic -Allies invaded North Africa then Italy -2 turning point battles in 1942; Stalingrad + Midway -June 6, 1944 = D Day invasion of France -last great German offensive the Battle of the Bulge
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D Day – the Invasion of Normandy
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General Patton General Eisenhower Admiral Halsey
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Fighting continued -In the Pacific the US used an “island hopping” strategy; Guadalcanal, Iwo Jima, Okinawa -FDR dies just before German surrender in 1945 -1945 war ends when US drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki -decision to use atomic bombs very controversial -Japan was occupied by US forces and a democratic gov’t was created by General MacArthur -Nazi and Japanese war criminals were put on trial for crimes against humanity
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Mushroom cloud of the atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki Americans celebrated the end of World War II
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US Marines raise the American flag on Iwo Jima The Japanese surrender is signed by General MacArthur on the deck of the USS Missouri
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