2. Presented by :- 85 - Esraa Gamal Gaber 86 - Esraa Gamal Abd Allah 87 - Esraa Gamal Mohamed 88 - Esraa Khaled Sayed 89 - Esraa Khaled Fawzy 91 - Esraa Raafat Ahmed 92 - Esraa Reda Hashim 93 - Esraa Samy Farid Abdelghafar 94 - Esraa Saad Abbas 95 - Esraa Shawky Abd Elhak

3. A deficiency in one or more of these complexes is the typical cause of a mitochondrial disease. (In fact, mitochondrial diseases are sometimes named for a specific deficiency, such as complex I deficiency.) A deficiency in one or more of these complexes is the typical cause of a mitochondrial disease. (In fact, mitochondrial diseases are sometimes named for a specific deficiency, such as complex I deficiency.) When a cell is filled with defective mitochondria, it become deprived of ATP, it also can accumulate a backlog of unused fuel molecules and oxygen, with disastrous effects. When a cell is filled with defective mitochondria, it become deprived of ATP, it also can accumulate a backlog of unused fuel molecules and oxygen, with disastrous effects. In such cases, excess fuel molecules are used to make ATP by inefficient means, which can generate potentially harmful byproducts such as lactic acid. (This also occurs when a cell has an inadequate oxygen supply, which can happen to muscle cells during strenuous exercise.) The buildup of lactic acid in the blood — called lactic acidosis — is associated with muscle fatigue, and might actually damage muscle and nerve tissue. In such cases, excess fuel molecules are used to make ATP by inefficient means, which can generate potentially harmful byproducts such as lactic acid. (This also occurs when a cell has an inadequate oxygen supply, which can happen to muscle cells during strenuous exercise.) The buildup of lactic acid in the blood — called lactic acidosis — is associated with muscle fatigue, and might actually damage muscle and nerve tissue. Biological causes

5. In this situation, glycolysis is increased to provide additional ATP, and the excess pyruvate produced is converted into lactate and released from the cell into the bloodstream, where it accumulates over time. While increased glycolysis helps compensate for less ATP from oxidative phosphorylation, it cannot bind the hydrogen cations that result from ATP hydrolysis. H + concentration rises and causes acidosis. In this situation, glycolysis is increased to provide additional ATP, and the excess pyruvate produced is converted into lactate and released from the cell into the bloodstream, where it accumulates over time. While increased glycolysis helps compensate for less ATP from oxidative phosphorylation, it cannot bind the hydrogen cations that result from ATP hydrolysis. H + concentration rises and causes acidosis.

6. To evaluate the extent of symptoms : To evaluate the extent of symptoms : First A physician begins by taking the personal medical history then proceeds with the physical and neurological exams. First A physician begins by taking the personal medical history then proceeds with the physical and neurological exams. Second Muscle biopsy which the most definitive way to diagnosis the mitochondrial myopathy. Second Muscle biopsy which the most definitive way to diagnosis the mitochondrial myopathy. If the mitochondrial myopathy is confirmed, there are many other noninvasive tests that may be done to determine the extent of organ involvement, these tests include :-If the mitochondrial myopathy is confirmed, there are many other noninvasive tests that may be done to determine the extent of organ involvement, these tests include :- CT & MRI scans, EEG ( to monitor brain wave activity). CT & MRI scans, EEG ( to monitor brain wave activity). ECG & EKG ( to monitor heart activity). ECG & EKG ( to monitor heart activity). Muscle phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy(MRS) (to examine muscle) can measure levels of phosphocreatine & ATP. Muscle phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy(MRS) (to examine muscle) can measure levels of phosphocreatine & ATP. A Blood test usually done to detect signs of kidney malfunction. A Blood test usually done to detect signs of kidney malfunction. Genetic test can be performed on muscle DNA. Genetic test can be performed on muscle DNA.