1. 1 P&P 13 States of Matter In this chapter we will combine ideas from the last chapter on thermal physics with the various states of matter. exploration.grc.nasa.gov/.../rocket/state.html exploration.grc.nasa.gov/.../rocket/state.html

2. 2 Conceptual Physics class: You are responsible for only slides 21-33 The remaining slides are review from Matter

3. 3 Fluids - liquids and gases Pressure = Force = F N Pascal or Pa Area A m 2 Standard atmosphere = 1.01325x10 5 Pa 10N/cm 2 or 10 -4 N/m 2

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6. 6 Gas Laws Combined Gas Law 1 – original values 2 – new values P, Pressure, Pa V, Volume, Liter, L T, Temperature, K P 1 V 1 = P 2 V 2 T 1 T 2

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8. 8 Ideal Gas Law PV = n RT P, pressure, Pa V, volume, L n, number of moles or molecules R, universal gas constant: 8.31 Pa m 3 /mol K T, temperature, K

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10. 10 Pascal’s Principle If an external pressure is applied to a confined fluid, the pressure at every point within the fluid increases by that amount. F 2 F 1 A 2 A 1 F, force, newtons, N A, area, m 2 = http://www.cord.edu/dept/physics/p128/Images/Pascal_principle.gif

11. 11 http://www.engineering.com/content/community/library/sciencelaws/pas calslaw/images/variation_depth.jpg

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13. 13 Buoyant Force F buoyant =  fluid Vg , density for water, 1.00 x 10 3 kg/m 3 v, volume, m 3 g, gravity, 9.8 m/s 2 “The buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object, which is equal to the density of the fluid in which the object is immersed multiplied by the object’s volume and the acceleration due to gravity. (page 354)

14. 14 Archimedes’ Principle “An object immersed in a fluid has an upward force on it that is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. The force does not depend on the weight of the object, only on the weight of the displaced fluid.

15. 15 http://home.earthlink.net/~divegeek/arc himedes_files/buoyancy.gif http://www.stormyseas.com/imag es/buoyancy.jpg

16. 16 P =  h g Pressure at any depth is proportional to the fluid’s weight above that depth. P, pressure, Pascal or N/m 2 , density, kg/m 3 h, depth of object, m http://www.flow-guard.com/flow-guard-images/breather-bag-images/underwater-well-head.jpg As depth increases, psi increases. Also fish change with depth. English psi – pounds per square inch SI unit: Pascal or N/m 2

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20. 20 Bernoulli’s Principle As the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by that fluid decreases. www.centennialofflight.gov/.../bernoulli/DI9.htm solomon.physics.sc.edu/~tedeschi/demo/demo21.html

21. 21 star.tau.ac.il/QUIZ/05/Q07.05.html

22. At 0°C, ice is less dense than water, and so ice floats on water. 21.9 Expansion of Water

23. Almost all liquids will expand when they are heated. Ice-cold water, however, does just the opposite! Water at the temperature of melting ice—0°C (or 32°F) —contracts when the temperature is increased. As the water is heated and its temperature rises, it continues to contract until it reaches a temperature of 4°C. With further increase in temperature, the water then begins to expand. The expansion continues all the way to the boiling point. 21.9 Expansion of Water

24. The graph shows the change in volume of water with increasing temperature. 21.9 Expansion of Water

25. Water molecules in their crystal form have an open- structured, six-sided arrangement. As a result, water expands upon freezing, and ice is less dense than water. 21.9 Expansion of Water

26. Melting Ice When ice melts, some crystals remain in the ice-water mixture, making a microscopic slush that slightly “bloats” the water. Ice water is therefore less dense than slightly warmer water. With an increase in temperature, more of the remaining ice crystals collapse. The melting of these crystals further decreases the volume of the water. 21.9 Expansion of Water

27. The collapsing of ice crystals (left) plus increased molecular motion with increasing temperature (center) combine to make water most dense at 4°C (right). 21.9 Expansion of Water

28. 28 Solids The thermal expansion of a solid is proportional to the temperature change and original size, and it depends on the material. http://www.scienceclarified.com/images/uesc_10_img0566.jpg

29. 29 Coefficient of Linear Expansion,   =  Lchange in length L 1  Torig. length, change in temp Units: 1/ o C or o C -1

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31. 31 Coefficient of Volume Expansion,   =  V change in volume V 1  T orig. volume, change in temp Units: o C -1 Manufacturing many types of glassware made of heat resistant borosilicate glass or soda lime glass using automatic press machines or manual press. Borosilicate Glass(Code: TE-32) with thermal expansion coefficient 32.5X10 -7 /°C www.atgc.co.jp/div/material/hebin/he3000.html

32. 32 Major Applications Glass trays for Micro oven Transparent roof tiles Glass mixer jars Glass window for automatic washing machines Glass lens and reflector for automotive lighting Glass globes for airport or harbor lighting Colored lenses for railroad signals Fly-eye lens for digital projectors

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