1. From Immigrants to Citizens to Outsiders? How British and French Publics have Viewed Muslims since the 1980s Erik Bleich Middlebury College, USA

2. From Immigrants to Citizens to Outsiders? Europe’s newest citizens?  From immigrants, foreigners, and racial, ethnic, or national groups…  …to Muslims Britain and France  large Muslim populations  Tend to be (or will become) citizens  Muslims problematized Islamophobia; Muslims as The Enemy (Cesari)

3. From Immigrants to Citizens to Outsiders? Where do Muslims stand?  the ethno-racial hierarchy  measuring social distance Measures  there are many possible measures  focus here is on majority public opinion  this is a first step in accurately assessing the place of Muslims on the ethno-racial hierarchy

4. From Immigrants to Citizens to Outsiders? Talk Outline  change over time negative attitudes have risen  comparisons across religious groups negative attitudes greatest toward Muslims  comparisons across ethno-racial groups Muslims are not (yet) at the bottom of the ethno- racial hierarchy  conclusions

5. I feel there are too many people in this country of another… Source: Eurobarometer 1989 (Britain n = c. 1290, France n = c. 960) 1All Eurobarometer data calculated based on unweighted raw data.

6. I personally find disturbing the presence of people of another… Source: Eurobarometer 1989 (Britain n = c. 1290, France n = c. 960) All Eurobarometer data calculated based on unweighted raw data.

7. I personally find disturbing the presence of people of another… Source: Eurobarometer 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1997, 2000 (Britain n = c. 1300; France n = c. 960) 1All Eurobarometer data calculated based on unweighted raw data.

8. Would you say that in France there are too many… Source: CNCDH 1998 (n = c. 1,000)

9. Groups there is more racial prejudice against today compared to five years ago Source: British Citizenship Survey 2003 (n = 5,252), 2005 (n = 5,514), 2007 (n = 2,925) 1All BCS figures calculated based on unweighted raw data, which deliberately over-samples ethnic minorities. 2Percentage of respondents who had previously indicated they believe there is more racial prejudice today than five years ago.

10. Discrimination is more common today than five years ago based on … Source: Eurobarometer 2007 (Britain n = 1,313; France n = 1,009)

11. Respondents have unfavorable opinion of… Source: Pew Global Attitudes 2006 (n = c. 900)

12. Which one religion is most violent? Source: Pew Global Attitudes 2005 (Britain n = 352; France n = 345) 1Percentage of respondents who had previously indicated they believe some religions to be more violent than others.

13. Muslim identity in our country is… Source: Pew Global Attitudes July 2006 ( “ Growing ” Britain n = 902, France n = 905; “ Bad thing ” Britain n = 622, France n = 615)

14. Which group do you not want to have as your neighbor? Source: 1999/2000 World Values Survey

15. Generally, people believe discrimination always, usually, or sometimes right based on… Source: Eurobarometer 2003 (Britain n = 1,260; France n = 1,029)

16. Discrimination in your country is considered widespread on the basis of… Source: Eurobarometer 2007 (Britain n = 1,313; France n = 1,009)

17. Belonging to the following group is generally a disadvantage Source: Eurobarometer 2007 (Britain n = 1,313; France n = 1,009)

18. It is a good thing that people come to work and live in this country from… Source: Pew Global Attitudes (Britain n = 902; France n = 905)

19. From Immigrants to Citizens to Outsiders? Conclusions  anti-Muslim prejudice is significant and rising  Muslims are lowest on the religious hierarchy

20. From Immigrants to Citizens to Outsiders? Conclusions  anti-Muslim prejudice is significant and rising  Muslims are lowest on the religious hierarchy  but Muslims are not lowest on the ethno-racial hierarchy  ethnic markers still trump religious markers  Muslim citizens are outsiders, but they are not (yet) the ultimate outsiders