1. Battle of Gettysburg Lee realized that it was crucial to attack the North. July 1-3, 1863 - BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG - in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania The two sides met on accident and On July 3, General Pickett led 15,000 Confed. Troops across open fields - Union mowed them down (= "Pickett’s Charge") Lee was defeated and retreated to Virginia. Over 100,000 people died in 3 days  It was the last time the South invaded the North.

3. Gettysburg Address “…that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.” Abe Lincoln

4. Vicksburg and more July 4, 1863 - another Union victory - VICKSBURG Won by U.S. Grant, cut South in 1/2 and gave the Union control of Mississippi River Grant was then given control of all Union armies  began a "scorched earth" policy to defeat the South What ships were used during Vicksburg? What do you think a scorched earth policy is or would consist of?

5. Sherman’s March to the Sea General Sherman given task of taking Atlanta; his “Sherman’s March to the Sea" saw total destruction (total war) from Atlanta to Savannah, Georgia

6. Richmond Falls Lee realizes the South can’t hold on for long and sends Jefferson Davis a letter to leave Richmond, Virginia. Confederates burn the city of Richmond, Virginia and flee.

7. Surrender at Appomattox Lee sends General Grant a message that he wants to surrender. On April 9, 1865, Lee and Grant meet at Appomattox Court House in Virginia to arrange the surrender.

8. Effects of the War Creation of a single unified country Abolition of slavery Increased power to fed. gov't – killed the issue of states rights U.S. now an industrial nation A stronger sense of nationalism Western lands increasingly opened to settlement South was economically and physically devastated, w/ the plantation system crippled...thus Reconstruction (rebuilding the U.S.) was destined - but a deep hatred of the North remained...

9. Economic Change Income tax introduced New national paper currency “Greenbacks” Industry begins to replace farming as the basis of national economy Slavery-based economy is destroyed

10. Social Change Slavery is abolished; millions free African Americans serve in the military Women become active in nursing Conscription/The Draft is introduced

11. Changes in Warfare Modernized rifle and minie ball Ironclads make wooden ships obsolete New weaponry increases number of casualties on battlefield.