1. Kant (5) Humanity as an end in itself

2. 3 formulations of the CI Universal law formulation: Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law (421). Formula of humanity: Act always so as to treat humanity, whether in your own person or that of anyone else, never merely as a means but always at the same time as an end (429). Formula of autonomy: Reject all maxims that are not consistent with the will's own legislation of universal law (431).

3. Law of nature formulation? “Act as if the maxim of your action were to become through your will a universal law of nature” (421) Not a separate formulation, but a procedure for applying the CI (the CI procedure)

4. Deriving the formulations Point of this is to reveal the moral law as a “law of freedom” The “derivation” proceeds by looking at the CI procedure from different points of view These points of view exist in a hypothetical community whose members follow the CI procedure

5. Formulations and points of view

6. Reasonable and rational Rational: choosing effective means to one’s ends Reasonable: acting from interpersonally justifiable principles When the text says “rational” (vernünftig), Kant often means rational and reasonable Practical reason respects both rationality and reasonableness

7. What is “humanity”? Our status as “rational and reasonable” beings in the order of nature Our status as “animated practical reason”

8. CI respects humanity How are persons treated by the CI procedure? They must be able to find the agent’s action reasonable Thus their humanity is respected It is respected as an end and never merely as a means

9. Respect for humanity as an end: Requires us to restrict the means we are willing to employ to achieve our ends Deceitful promise illustrates this So does Kant’s suicide example

10. Respect for humanity as an end: Helps to determine our ends We must nurture our humanity--those capacities that make us “animated practical reason” (K’s 3rd example) One of these is the capacity to set ends We respect this capacity in others by giving their ends some weight in our deliberations (K’s 4th example).