1. The highest good (summum bonum) as the goal of morality Kant

2. Rationalism Empiricism Deontological Absolute Innate Morality Universalisable principles Summum Bonum Key terms so far

3. The only intrinsically good reason for moral action is the ‘good will’. Acting according to the good will means you do an action because it is good to do, not because of any consequences. Kant gave the example of a shopkeeper. Kant concludes that the act which is in accordance with the ‘good will’ is doing an action because it is the right thing to do and it achieves the Summum Bonum (the highest good).

4. The highest good is according to Kant found in virtue What is a virtue and a vice? Kant defines virtue as “the moral strength of a human being's will in fulfilling his duty” and vice as “principled immorality”. In other words for Kant virtue is about fulfilling moral principles set out by our rationality and is what brings about happiness The highest good and Virtue

5. Kant’s moral argument We are required to attain the summum bonum (the highest good) ◦ Reason tells us that obedience should bring about the summum bonum ◦ But sometimes our obedience can lead to misinterpretation  This can lead to more suffering ◦ The summum bonum must involve both perfect virtue and perfect happiness

6. Kant’s moral argument We can only be obliged to do something that we can actually do ◦ Kant’s assumption ◦ We must be able to fulfil our obligation

7. Kant’s moral argument We cannot reach the summum bonum with the assistance of God ◦ We are not the cause of the world ◦ We do not have the power to achieve SB ◦ Even if we could achieve perfect morality we cannot guarantee connecting it with perfect happiness

8. Kant’s moral argument Since we are obliged to attain the summum bonum, God must exist to ensure that we can achieve that which we are obliged to do. ◦ If we cannot attain the SB on our own we need help ◦ It follows that such help must be the best and must therefore be God

9. Explain Kant’s arguments that a moral action must be free and yet that morality must ultimately be justified by the highest good. You can do this as a table if you like of freedom and justifiable To what extent do you find these arguments problematic? Written Task