1. Emotion in coaching – factors to consider when developing a self-evaluation tool Peter Duffell 16 th January 2014 10 th Research in Coaching and Mentoring Conference Oxford Brookes University

2. EMOTION: From Concept to Question Literature Review Emotion Regulation Journaling Technology What I could research?What I will research and how? But still Formulating…. Methodology

3. Interesting Aspects of the Literature Review Emotion Regulation Popular view: The brain is analogous to a computer However: Memories are probably reconstructed The brain fills in gaps Memories can be modified when written back Language influences recall Emotion regulation relates to how an individual responds to their emotional experiences Emotion regulation strategies may impact future recollection of a current emotional experience Emotion suffers from definitional issues and we all have a personal experience of it

4. Methodology: Considerations Personal view – constructivist/interpretivist, qualitative approach due to complex enquiry Key difference “pre-conceived ideas”…. Systematic and rigorous Seeking theory to explain the research data Mutual sense making Collective action (Reason & Bradbury, 2001) Action Research (Creswell et al., 2007) (Duffell, 2012)

5. T T Remember Critical Thinking 19 October 2013 THERE ARE 7000 WAYS OF ANALYSING BRAIN SCAN DATA, LEADING TO CONFUSING OR CONFLICTING RESULTS Caption: “A dead Salmon springs to life in the scanner” (Chen, 2013)

6. Research Design & “Journey” Then I fell off a cliff…… I started with a clear Design…. Ending up here…. Demonstrates a clear benefit of an Action Research approach – the Design can change “in flight”

7. Research Design (Detail) & Data Analysis Transcription (pay or do?) Mind Maps Limited Content Analysis Frequency Analysis Content Analysis Frequency Analysis Content Analysis Validity Reliability Validity Reliability Interpretive approach so data not generalisable Standard Design repeated for each Action Cycle Emotions used from Plutchik Number of emotions selected Positive emotions (%) Emotions in common (%) EW 34% AC2 G145%1739%32% AC2 G249%2044% Consolidated list emotions 50%85%

8. Data Analysis (Reduction) Approach Benefit: Lots of data Frequency Analysis Content Analysis Plus some things I hadn’t Thought of in the design….

9. Concept Theory Research Self- evaluation Measures Research Self- evaluation Measures Launch Tool Pilot & Assess Develop Tool Scope of the dissertation Findings - Overview Recap- Scope LanguageSelf-MeasuresJournaling Recap – “The Question” Emotion in coaching – factors to consider when developing a self-evaluation tool Because of the approach, cannot rank findings, so picking 3….

10. Findings - Language Emotion in Language Personal meaning Individual vocabulary Similar emotions difficult to explain Client ‘adopts’ coaches language Personal meaning Individual vocabulary Similar emotions difficult to explain Client ‘adopts’ coaches language T T “…is annoyance and anger not the same?...” T T “… What is really, really anxious and what is not?...” T T “… because of lack of vocabulary I would struggle in annoyance and frustration, because I think they are incredibly close...” T T “…You put in their minds there is a positive and negative. Surely it should evolve from the conversation you have with them?...”

11. Findings – Self-evaluation Measures Fixed scale – terms can be arbitrary and lack relevance Language evolves over time, terms in fixed scales do not Flex the number of emotion measures to the need of the client Does there need to be a balance between positive and negative emotions? Fixed scale – terms can be arbitrary and lack relevance Language evolves over time, terms in fixed scales do not Flex the number of emotion measures to the need of the client Does there need to be a balance between positive and negative emotions? Emotion Measures Not a Mood Drake et al. (2012) Watson et al. (1988) T T “you might move on to positive ones at a later date, once you’ve really found out what it is that’s triggering some of those negative ones” A popular mood charting tool

12. Findings - Journaling Sharing! Cued recall via some sort of visual (journal) representation improves emotional recollection Contemporary record Sharing! Cued recall via some sort of visual (journal) representation improves emotional recollection Contemporary record Emotion & Journaling T T “… you look back and there are some highlights which show you things aren’t quite as bad as you think...” T T “…standing back and looking at the whole picture…”

13. Conclusion – Factors to consider in developing an Emotion self-evaluation tool Emotion Regulation Journaling Technology Choose ‘scale’ items Accessible Contemporary Objectify Emotion Balance? Shared Emotion Regulation Choose number Client Language

14. Peter Duffell MA CMP www.westwoodcoaching.co.uk peter@westwoodcoaching.co.uk Challenge Motivate Inspire

15. References Chen, I. (2013) Hidden Depths, New Scientist, Vol. 220, No. 2939. Creswell, J. W., Hanson, W. E., Clark Plano, V. L. & Morales, A. (2007) Qualitative Research Designs: Selection and Implementation, The Counseling Psychologist, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 236-264. Drake, G., Csipke, E. and Wykes, T. (2012) Assessing your mood online: acceptability and use of Moodscope, Psychological Medicine, Available on CJO 2012 doi:10.1017/S0033291712002280. Accessed 27 th December 2012. Duffell, P. (2012), Assignment for Positive Psychology for Coaching and Mentoring Practice, Oxford Brookes MA, Unpublished. Reason, P. & Bradbury, H. (2001) Inquiry & participation in search of a world worthy of human aspiration, In: Reason, P & Bradbury, H. (eds), Handbook of action research, London: Sage. Watson, D., Clark, L. A. and Tellegen, A. (1988) Development and Validation of Brief Measures of Positive and Negative Affect: The PANAS Scales, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 54, No. 6, pp. 1063-1070.