1. Japanese Security Policy during the Cold War Dependence on the U.S.: –Yoshida doctrine; “comprehensive security”/economic security. –Japan-U.S. Security Treaty (1951). –Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between Japan and the U.S.A. (“revised Security Treaty,” 1960). –Korean & Vietnam Wars. –Japan’s $5 bil./year “sympathy budget” to U.S. Aversion to the use of force. –“Culture of anti-militarism” (T. Berger); “norm of non- violence” (P. Katzenstein); public opinion. –Article 9 of the Constitution (1947): “…forever renounce war as a sovereign right of nation…”. (Hughes, p. 727) –Institutionalized in state structure: Japan Defense Agency (JDA); MOFA; METI; MOF (fiscal discipline).

2. Japanese Security Policy during the Cold War –Self-Defense Forces (SDF): strong relationship w. U.S. –1 percent/GNP ceiling on defense spending (1.004% in ’87). –Arms export ban (partially relaxed for U.S.); Three Non- Nuclear Principles (No possession, production, imports). Development of significant military capabilities: –Response to the Soviet military buildup in the Pacific the 1970s. –MSDF: battleship groups; P-3 maritime patrol aircraft; submarines; amphibious assault ships. –ASDF: F-15J; well-trained pilots.

3. Japanese Security Policy after the Cold War The “Gulf War trauma” (1991): –$13 billion: criticized as “checkbook diplomacy.” North Korea (Samuels): –1 st Nuclear Crisis (1993-4): Japan said support of U.S. military operations would be “unconstitutional.” –Missiles: Aug. ’98(Taepodong); Oct. ’06. –“Suspicious ships” in Japan’s territorial waters: (Mar. ’99, Dec. ’01). –Abduction of Japanese citizens: 5 returned, still many unresolved). –PM Koizumi’s visits to Pyongyang (Sept. ’02; May ’04).

4. Japanese Security Policy after the Cold War China (Kitaoka, Samuels): –Repeated underground nuclear tests; foreign aid suspension (’95-’97). –Taiwan Straits Crisis (Mar. ’96): Fear of entrapment; protection of sealanes. –Senkaku/Diaoyutai: natural gas & oil deposits. –Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ). –“History problem”: Jiang-Obuchi Summit (Nov. ’98); Koizumi’s repeated visits to the Yasukuni Shrine; –Abe’s “strategic ambiguity,” Abe-Hu summit in Oct. ’06. –Japan’s economic stagnation and fear of “Japan passing” or “Japan nothing” (compare with “Japan bashing”): President Clinton’s visit to China (June ’98).

5. Contemporary Developments in the U.S.-Japan alliance “Regionalization” of the alliance: –Clinton-Hashimoto Security Declaration (Apr. ’96). –Revision of the Japan-U.S. Defense Guidelines (’97): Situational, not geographical definition of security interests: “situations in areas surrounding Japan.” –Security Consultative Committee (SCC, or “2+2”) in Feb. ’05: Taiwan as a common strategic interest. Japan and the “War on Terror”: –For wartime situations, ad hoc laws. –Anti-Terrorism Special Measures Law (Oct. ’01): MSDF’s refueling operations; current LDP-DPJ standoff. –GSDF: civilian, humanitarian mission in Samawah (’04-’06). –ASDF: Iraq Special Measures Law; airlift operations in Iraq;

6. Contemporary Debate Constitutional revision: –2/3 vote in both HR & HC; then majority by referendum. –National voting law passed (May ’07). –LDP’s proposal (C. Hughes, p. 737). U.S.-Japan security cooperation (McCormack, p. 74): –GSDF rapid reaction force & U.S. Army in Camp Zama; ASDF & USAF headquarters in Yokota; Japan will pay $6 billion to move U.S. marine corp to Guam. –Joint development and deployment of missile defense. Nuclear weapons: –High diplomatic costs of leaving the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT). –Credibility of the U.S. nuclear umbrella. –Nuclear energy program & reprocessed plutonium.