1. Teacher Notes This PPT was revised October 25, 2005. This PPT introduces scientist/history of DNA, DNA structure and RNA structure. There is a DNA Structure handout for this PPT. The DNA Scientists portion can be done using the book and review with this PPT.

2. DNA The Structure of DNA

3. Should auld acquaintance be forgot, And Auld Lang Syne!

4. Name the organelle and give its function. And Auld Lang Syne! Animal Plant Nucleus Ribosome Endoplasmic Reticulum: aids in processing carbohydrates, lipids and proteins for export from the cell Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Body Nucleus: control body of the cell; contains the genetic material (DNA) Golgi Aparatus: modifies, sorts, and packages materials from the ER for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell Ribosome: site where proteins are made

5. And Auld Lang Syne! What is located in the nucleus? What type of organic compound is DNA? What is the monomer of DNA?

6. And Auld Lang Syne! What does the DNA of all these organisms have in common? They all share a universal genetic code.

7. And Auld Lang Syne! What is the name of these monomers? To what organic compound group do they belong? N H H H O R C C O H N H H H O R C C O H amine group variable R group carboxyl group amine group

8. And Auld Lang Syne! What does the chain of amino acids represent? Threonine Arginine Glycine Proline Asparagine Proline Alanine Polypeptide Chain – A Protein

9. History of Heredity Why am I so gorgeous ?

10. Gregor Mendel Gregor Mendel determined that traits were passed from generation to generation. But, I haven’t figured out how this happens

11. Frederick Griffith Griffith was working on a vaccine for Streptococcus pneumoniae He worked with 2 strains of the bacteria:  Smooth capsule that causes disease  Rough capsule that does not cause disease

12. Frederick Griffith He added these bacteria strains, some dead and some living, to lab rats. These are his results:

13. Frederick Griffith Live R+ dead S Bacteria Live Smooth Bacteria Live Rough Bacteria Dead Smooth Bacteria

14. Griffith Proved: That somehow the dead bacteria have passed their disease-causing substance to the harmless, living bacteria. Griffith discovered a factor that could transform harmless bacteria into disease-causing bacteria

15. What was this substance called? DNA

16. Oswald Avery Avery’s team determined that genes are composed of DNA

17. Erwin Chargaff Chargoff discovered that DNA has the same amount of adenosine as thymine and the same amount of cytosine as guanine. A = T and G = C AA A A A A A T T T T T T T C CCCC GG G

18. Rosalind Franklin & Maurice Wilkins Franklin and Wilkins used x-ray to discover that DNA was a double helix.

19. Watson and Crick Watson & Crick won a Nobel Prize for discovering the structural model of DNA. They credited Wilkins and Franklin. Wilkins also got a Nobel Prize but Franklin did not. Rosalind had passed away and the Nobels are not awarded posthumously.

20. DNA is a Nucleic Acid What is a nucleic acid? Nucleic acids are one of the major organic compounds.

21. Auld Lang Syne! Nucleic acids contain C, H, N, O, P Are made up of nucleotide monomers Store genetic information Help make proteins Examples: DNA & RNA sugar phosphate nitrogen base DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

22. DNA Structure For what does DNA stand? What is the monomer for nucleic acids? What is the structure of this monomer? phosphate nucleotide N base PO 4 Sugar PO 4 N base The numbers are the positions of the carbons on the sugar. (the 3’ end) 5 4 32 1 (the 5’ end) sugar nitrogen base DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

23. A NUCLEOTIDE H H2H2 H H H3H3 H H H H H O O O CC C N N P O O O C C C C C O O O C C 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 1. Phosphate Group 2. 5-Carbon Sugar (Dexoyribose or Ribose) 3. Nitrogen Base 1. Phosphate Group 2. 5-Carbon Sugar (Dexoyribose or Ribose) 3. Nitrogen Base Nucleotides, too

24. Nucleotides There are four nitrogen bases making up four different nucleotides. Adenine Guanine Thymine Cytosine Pyrimidines Purines A C G T N base

25. Chargaff’s Base Pair Rules Adenine always bonds with thymine. Adenine (A) to Thymine (T) Guanine always bonds with Cytosine. Guanine (G) to Cytosine (C) The lines between the bases represent hydrogen bonds A C G T

26. C G A A T G Nucleotide P S N-b Pairing DNA Nucleotides What is a nucleotide? Rule A to C to T G What is the base pairing rule?What would be the complementary nucleotide pairing?

27. 3’End 5’End DNA DOUBLE HELIX ladder shaped molecule

28. Purpose of DNA Why do we have DNA? DNA contains our genetic codes For what does it code? for proteins What actually makes you look the way you do - DNA or Proteins?

29. What is RNA? RNA stands for RiboNucleic Acid DNA must have a “helper” molecule. RNA is a single stranded nucleic acid made up of monomers called nucleotides sugar phosphate nitrogen base

30. A B C RNA Nucleotides A - Sugar (ribose) B - Phosphate C - Nitrogen base sugar phosphate nitrogen base Name the parts of the nucleotide.

31. Phosphate Group Nitrogen Base Sugar (ribose) RNA Identify the parts of the RNA strand.

32. Rules for Base Pairing Cytosine pairs with Guanine Adenine pairs with Uracil Notice that RNA has Uracil (not thymine) A = U C = G

33. Rules for Base Pairing C = G A = U 3’ DNA strand 5’ DNA strand RNA strand C A T G G U C A

34. What is the function of RNA? Carries DNA’s message code Helps make protein Types of RNA  Messenger RNA (mRNA)  Transfer RNA (tRNA)  Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

35. DNARNA Sugar is deoxyribose Sugar is ribose Adenine base is present Cytosine base is present √ √ √√ √√ Comparing DNA & RNA

36. DNARNA Guanine base is present Thymine base is present Uracil base is present Shape is double helix √ √ √ √ √ Comparing DNA & RNA

37. DNARNA Shape is single stranded Located in nucleus Located in cytoplasm Stores genetic information √ √ √ √ √ Comparing DNA & RNA

38. DNARNA Functions in protein synthesis Composed of nucleotides Template for synthesis of proteins Transcribes the Template More than one type √√ √√ √ √ √ Comparing DNA & RNA

39. Works Cited