1. Proteins

2. Proteins Chains of amino acids Basic structure below:

3. Proteins Amino acid in solution

4. Proteins 20 amino acids Differ only in their side chains, R.

5. Condensation!

6. Proteins: Primary Structure Order of amino acids Protein made depends on ◦ Kind: which amino acids are present? ◦ Amount: how many amino acids? ◦ Sequence: what’s the order they are arranged?

7. Proteins: Secondary Structure Folding & coiling form pleated sheets and helixes Stabilized by hydrogen bonds

9. Proteins: Tertiary Structure Long coils fold among themselves

10. Proteins: Quaternary Structure separate amino acid chains fit together to make the final structure of a protein ◦ i.e., hemoglobin has 4!

12. Proteins: What do they do? Structural: collagen, elastin Oxygen-carriers: hemoglobin, myoglobin Forms parts of cell membranes: channels, receptors Allow muscle contraction Enzymes

13. Proteins: Enzymes Protein catalysts that speed up important biological chemical reactions

14. Proteins: Enzymes How do they work? substrates

16. Proteins: Enzymes How does environment affect its activity? Things to consider: - Temperature - pH

17. Proteins: Enzymes How does environment affect its activity?

21. Nucleic Acids

22. DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid RNA: ribonucleic acid ATP: adenosine triphosphate

23. Nucleic Acids Monomers are called nucleotides Each nucleotide has 3 parts ◦ nitrogen-containing base ◦ monosaccharide ribose ◦ phosphate

24. Nucleic Acids Five kinds of bases ◦ Adenine ◦ Guanine ◦ Thymine (in DNA only) ◦ Cytosine ◦ Uracil (in RNA only)

27. Nucleic Acids

29. DNA & RNA form the genetic material of an organism

30. ATP carries energy and provides to help many reactions in the cell