1. Carbon Compounds

2. The Element Carbon   Carbon is the most abundant element found in living things.   Carbon has 4 valence electrons which enable it to form strong covalent bonds with other atoms.   It can bond with other carbon atoms to form rings and very long chains which can be twisted and folded into millions of different, very large, and complex shapes.

3. The Element Carbon Glucose Nanotube Diamond Graphite Bucky-ball

4. Macromolecules   All living things are made up carbon and a combination of other elements referred to as biomolecules   Biomolecules are very large molecules called macromolecules.   Each macromolecule is made up of small individual units called monomers   The macromolecules are formed by a process known as polymerization.

5. Macromolecule Graphic Organizer All Living Things Are made up of - Macromolecules Formed by - Polymerization Monomers - Single units Polymers Bond to form - Large molecules of many carbon atoms bonded together with other elements

6. Four Groups of Organic Compounds   Biomolecules are also known as organic compounds.   There are four groups of organic compounds found in living things:   Carbohydrates   Lipids   Nucleic Acids   Proteins

7. Carbohydrates   Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms bonded together   Single sugar carbohydrates are called monosaccharides (mono- “one”)   Two single sugars bonded together are called a disaccharide. (di- “two”)   Large macromolecules formed by the bonding of a long chain of monosaccharides are called polysaccharides. (poly- “many”)

8. Carbohydrates  Functions of carbohydrates include:  Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy  Living things store carbohydrates as complex sugars known as starches  Plants also use carbohydrates for structural purposes  Benedict’s solution is an indicator solution for simple sugars. It changes from blue to yellow, orange or red.

9. Lipids   Lipids are macromolecules made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms Lipids are composed of fatty acids and glycerol Functions: - Lipids can be used as stored energy. - Lipids can be used as stored energy. - Some lipids are important parts - Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and of biological membranes and waterproof coverings waterproof coverings

10. Lipids   The common categories of lipids are: fats oils waxes steroids

11. Lipids  Sudan III solution is an indicator solution for fats & lipids. It turns red in the presence of fats & lipids.

12. Proteins   Proteins are macromolecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.   Proteins are large molecules (polymers) made up of monomers called amino acids.   Biuret Solution is an indicator solution for proteins. It turns blue-violet in the presence of proteins.

13. Proteins   Functions of proteins include:   Some proteins control the rate of the body’s chemical reactions and regulate cell processes.   Some proteins are used to form bones and muscles.   Other proteins transport substances into or out of cells or help to fight disease.

14. Nucleic Acids   Nucleic acids are macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus.   Nucleic acids are polymers assembled from individual monomers known as nucleotides.   Nucleotides include of three parts: - a 5-carbon sugar - a phosphate group - a nitrogenous base

15. Nucleic Acids   Functions:   Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information.   There are two kinds of nucleic acids, -ribonucleic acid (RNA) -deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

16. Nucleic Acids Differences in DNA and RNA   DNA is double stranded   RNA is single stranded   DNA does not contain the base Uracil   Adenine, guanine, and Cytosine are found in both DNA and RNA are the same

17. Nucleic Acids

18. A catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.A catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction. Catalysts work by lowering a reaction’s activation energy.Catalysts work by lowering a reaction’s activation energy. Biological Catalyst

19. Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts.Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energies.Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energies. Enzymes

20. Proteins make efficient catalysts because their shapes are very specific.Proteins make efficient catalysts because their shapes are very specific. Enzymes

21. 1. 1.Large carbohydrate molecules such as starch are known as a. lipids. b. monosaccharides. c. proteins d. polysaccharides.

22. 2. Many lipids are formed from glycerol and a. fatty acids. b. monosaccharides. c. amino acids. d. nucleic acids.

23. 3. The monomers of proteins are called- a. a. Starches b. b. Nucleotides c. c. Sugars d. d. Amino acids

24. 4. Which of the following statements about cellulose is true? a. Animals make it and use it to store energy. b. Plants make it and use it to store energy. c. Animals make it and use it as part of the skeleton. d. Plants make it and use it to give structural support to cells.

25. 5. A major difference between polysaccharides and proteins is that a. plants make polysaccharides, while animals make proteins. b. proteins are made of monomers, while polysaccharides are not. c. polysaccharides are made of monosaccharides, while proteins are made of amino acids. d. proteins carry genetic information, while polysaccharides do not.