1. Carbon Cycle Chapter 5-Section 2: p. 132, also p. 125 & 128

2. Reservoirs of Carbon Forms of carbon stores or storage places

3. Reservoirs of Carbon Where is carbon?  The major reservoir (storage) of carbon is carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in the atmosphere

4. Reservoirs of Carbon Where is carbon? Other reservoirs:  Organic matter (makes up living things): proteins, fats, carbohydrates  Fossil fuels (buried remains of organisms)

5. Processes of Carbon How carbon is transformed & cycled through an ecosystem

6. Processes of Carbon Important processes that cycle carbon into living organisms: Photosynthesis Heterotrophy (food chain)

7. Processes of Carbon Photosynthesis  Autotrophs use photosynthesis to convert light energy (sun) into chemical energy (sugar; glucose)

8. Processes of Carbon The Chemical Equation for Photosynthesis is… 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + light  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Note: What molecules of carbon are shown above?

9. Don’t forget, autotrophs…  Include plants, algae, bacteria  Contain chlorophyll (pigment to absorb light)  Are producers  Form the base of ecological pyramids

10. Processes of Carbon Heterotrophy  As organisms consume food, energy travels from one organism to another  So does carbon, but it’s transformed (changes form) again  Heterotrophs have less energy available to them from autotrophs

11. Processes of Carbon Processes that cycle carbon out ofliving organisms: Processes that cycle carbon out of living organisms: Respiration Burning fossil fuels Decay & decomposition Click here to view animation

12. Processes of Carbon Respiration (cellular)  Chemical reaction to break down carbohydrates  It’s how organisms get energy out of the sugars  ALL ORGANISMS RESPIRE!!! (plants too)

13. Processes of Carbon The Chemical Equation for Respiration is… C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + ATP (ATP is an energy molecule) Note: What molecules of carbon are shown above?

14. Processes of Carbon Short-term  Photosynthesis & respiration Long-term (always think the “rock cycle”)  Carbon found in bones and shells for limestone rocks  Deposits of coal, oil and natural gas (fossil fuels)

15. Molecules of Carbon Forms of carbon (compounds, molecules, atoms)

16. Molecules of Carbon In the atmosphere  Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) In living things  Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) or sugar/carbohydrates, fats, proteinsUnderground  Rocks (limestone) and fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, natural gas

18. Nitrogen Cycle Chapter 5-Section 2: p. 134

19. Reservoirs of Nitrogen Where is nitrogen found?  The major reservoir of nitrogen is the atmosphere as nitrogen gas (N 2 )

20. Reservoirs of Nitrogen Where is nitrogen found? Other reservoirs:  In the ground as nitrates (fertilizers)  In proteins that make up organisms

21. Processes of Nitrogen How nitrogen is transformed & cycled through an ecosystem

22. Processes of Nitrogen Important processes that cycle nitrogen into living organisms:  Nitrogen fixation  Absorption  Heterotrophy (food chain)

23. Processes of Nitrogen Nitrogen Fixation  Bacteria that live on roots of legumes (bean plants like soybean or clover) convert atmospheric N 2 to a “fixed” form that plants can absorb  I.e. it makes fertilizer

24. Processes of Nitrogen Heterotrophy  Plants absorb “fixed” nitrogen from the soil (fertilizer)  As organisms consume food, nitrogen travels from one organism to another is used to make proteins

25. Processes of Nitrogen Processes that cycle nitrogen out ofliving organisms: Processes that cycle nitrogen out of living organisms:  Excretion  Decomposition  Denitrification Click here to view animation

26. Processes of Nitrogen Excretion  Animals release nitrogenous wastes in the form of urine or dung  Also known as ‘ammonification’

27. Processes of Nitrogen Decomposition  Bacteria, insects, fungi break down wastes and decaying plants and animals  Release Nitrogen back into the soil

28. Processes of Nitrogen Denitrification  Bacteria transform a small amount into nitrogen gas, which returns to the atmosphere

29. Processes of Nitrogen Short-term  Fixation, absorption & decomposition

30. Molecules of Nitrogen Forms of nitrogen

31. Molecules of Nitrogen In the atmosphere  Nitrogen gas (N 2 ) In living things  ProteinsUnderground  Ammonium nitrates (fertilizers)

33. Phosphorus Cycle Chapter 5-Section 2: p. 135

34. Reservoirs of Phosphorus Forms of phorphorus stores or storage places

35. Reservoirs of Phosphorus Where is phosphorus found?  The major reservoir of phosphorus is in salts & rock sediment  Other reservoirs include waterways (washed from eroded rocks and emptied in oceans)

36. Processes of Phosphorus How phosphorus is transformed & cycled

37. Processes of Phosphorus How phosphorus cycles into living organisms: Erosion of rocks Absorption Heterotrophy (food chain)

38. Processes of Phosphorus Erosion  Small amounts of phosphorus dissolve in soil and water

39. Processes of Phosphorus Heterotrophy  Plants absorb phosphates from the soil  As organisms consume food, phosphorus travels from one organism to another and is used to make bones and teeth

40. Processes of Phosphorus How phosphorus cycles out of living organisms: Excretion Decomposition Click here to view animation (narrated choice available)

41. Processes of Phosphorus Short-term  Absorption & decomposition Long-term (always think the “rock cycle”)  Phosphorus cycle mainly involves reserves underground and on the bottom of the ocean

42. Molecules of Phosphorus Forms of phosphorus (compounds, molecules, atoms)

43. Molecules of Phosphorus In living things  Cells of living things, bones, teeth and DNAUnderground  Rocks (limestone) and ocean sediment (phosphates)

45. Key Points  Carbon makes up the basis for all organic life  Most nitrogen is unusable in the atmosphere; we all depend on bacteria to “fix” it for us  Phosphorus does not cycle through the atmosphere  Long-term part of each cycle includes forming and eroding rock; whereas the short-term part of each cycle is the movement between living things

46. Humans Affects Chapter 5-Section 2: p. 133, 136

47. How humans affect cycles Carbon cycle  By burning fossil fuels we release carbon into the atmosphere (about ½ remains in the atmosphere) Phophorus & Nitrogen cycles  Excessive amounts of fertilizer can cause too much algae growth, which use up oxygen  Nitric oxides are released when fossils fuels are burned and mix with water vapor to form acid rain