1. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu How to Use This Presentation To View the presentation as a slideshow with effects select “View” on the menu bar and click on “Slide Show”, or simply press F5 on the top row of your keyboard. To advance to the next slide click the left mouse button once. From the Chapter screen you can click on any section to go directly to that section’s presentation. Blank or “missing” areas of a slide will remain hidden until the left mouse button is clicked. You may exit the slide show at any time by pressing the Esc key. How to Use This Presentation

2. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter Presentation Transparencies Image and Math Focus Bank Bellringers Standardized Test Prep CNN Videos Visual Concepts Resources

3. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Table of Contents Section 1 Animal Reproduction Section 2 Human Reproduction Section 3 Growth and Development Chapter 26 Reproduction and Development

4. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Animal Reproduction Bellringer Do you know how birds, ants, humans, and sea stars reproduce? Write down any differences that you are aware of in how these animals reproduce. Write your answers in your science journal. Chapter 26

5. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Animal Reproduction Objectives Distinguish between asexual and sexual reproduction. Explain the difference between external and internal fertilization. Identify the three different types of mammalian reproduction. Chapter 26

6. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Animal Reproduction Asexual Reproduction In asexual reproduction, a single parent has offspring that are genetically identical to the parent. Budding, fragmentation, and regeneration are all ways in which a parent organism can produce genetically identical offspring. Chapter 26

7. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Animal Reproduction Sexual Reproduction In sexual reproduction, offspring are formed when genetic information from more than one parent combines. Sexual reproduction in animals usually requires two parents—a male and a female. The female parent produces sex cells called eggs. The male parent produces sex cells called sperm. Chapter 26

8. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Animal Reproduction Sexual Reproduction, continued Chapter 26

9. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Animal Reproduction Internal and External Fertilization External Fertilization is the process when the sperm fertilizes the eggs outside the female’s body. Internal Fertilization is the process when the egg and sperm join inside the female’s body. Chapter 26

10. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Animal Reproduction Mammals Monotremes are mammals that lay eggs. Marsupials are mammals that give birth to partially developed live young. Most marsupials have pouches where their young continue to develop after birth. Placental Mammals are nourished inside their mother’s body before birth. Chapter 26

11. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Human Reproduction Bellringer You may have heard of cloning in recent news stories. Do you think that cloning human beings could be considered as a kind of reproduction? Why or why not? What kind of reproduction is it? Record your answers in your science journal. Chapter 26

12. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Human Reproduction Objectives Identify the structures and functions of the male and female reproductive systems. Describe two reproductive system problems. Chapter 26

13. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Human Reproduction The Male Reproductive System The male reproductive system produces sperm and delivers it to the female reproductive system. The testes are a pair of organs that make sperm and testosterone. Testosterone is the main male sex hormone. It helps regulate the production of sperm and the development of male characteristics. Chapter 26

14. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu ResourcesChapter menuResourcesChapter menuResourcesChapter menuResourcesChapter menuResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Human Reproduction Chapter 26

15. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Human Reproduction The Female Reproductive System The female reproductive system produces eggs, nurtures fertilized eggs (zygotes), and gives birth. The two ovaries are the organs that make eggs. Ovaries also release estrogen and progesterone, the main female sex hormones. These hormones regulate the release of eggs and development of female characteristics. Chapter 26

16. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu ResourcesChapter menuResourcesChapter menuResourcesChapter menuResourcesChapter menuResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Human Reproduction Chapter 26

17. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Human Reproduction The Female Reproductive System, continued The Egg’s Journey During ovulation, an egg is released from an ovary and passes into a fallopian tube. If the egg is fertilized, the resulting zygote enters the uterus. When a baby is born, he or she passes through the vagina and emerges outside the body. The menstrual cycle is a series of monthly changes that prepares the body for pregnancy. Chapter 26

18. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Human Reproduction Menstrual Cycle and Uterine Lining Chapter 26 Click below to watch the Visual Concept. You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Visual Concept

19. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Human Reproduction Multiple Births Twins, Triplets, Quadruplets, and More In every 1,000 births, there are about 30 sets of twins. In the United States, there are about two sets of triplets in every 1,000 births. Births of quintuplets or more happen only once in about 53,000 births. Chapter 26

20. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Human Reproduction Reproductive System Problems STDs A sexually transmitted disease (STD) is a disease that can pass from one person to another during sexual contact. Chapter 26 STDApprox. # of new cases each year Chlamydia3 to 10 millon Genital HPV5.5 million Genital herpes1 million Gonorrhea650,000 Syphilis70,000 HIV/AIDS40,000 to 50,000

21. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Human Reproduction Reproductive System Problems, continued Cancer Sometimes, cancer happens in reproductive organs. Cancer is a disease in which cells grow at an uncontrolled rate. Infertility In the United States, about 15% of married couples have difficulty producing offspring. Many of these couples are infertile, or unable to have children. Chapter 26

22. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Growth and Development Bellringer Name the stages of physical development that you have passed through thus far in your life. Remember that your growth and development began while you were still in the uterus. Record your thoughts in your science journal. Chapter 26

23. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Growth and Development Objectives Summarize the processes of fertilization and implantation. Describe the development of the embryo and the fetus. Identify the stages of human development from birth to death. Chapter 26

24. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Growth and Development From Fertilization to Embryo A fertilized egg (zygote) travels down the fallopian tube toward the uterus. Eleven to 12 days after fertilization, the zygote has become a tiny ball of cells called an embryo. The embryo implants itself in the uterus. Chapter 26

25. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Growth and Development From Embryo to Fetus The placenta is a special two-way exchange organ. It has a network of blood vessels that provides the embryo with oxygen and nutrients from the mother’s blood. Wastes produced by the embryo are removed in the placenta. Chapter 26

26. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Growth and Development From Embryo to Fetus, continued Weeks 1 and 2 Doctors commonly count the time of a woman’s pregnancy as starting from the first day of her last menstrual period. Weeks 3 and 4 In week 3, after fertilization, the zygote moves to the uterus. As the zygote travels, it divides many times. At the end of week 4, implantation is complete and the woman is pregnant. Chapter 26

27. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Growth and Development From Embryo to Fetus, continued Weeks 5 to 8 In this stage, the embryo becomes surrounded by a thin membrane called the amnion. The umbilical cord forms. The heart, brain, other organs, and blood vessels start to form. Weeks 9 to 16 At week 9, the fetus may begin to make tiny movements. After week 10, the embryo is called a fetus. The fetus grows rapidly during this stage. Chapter 26

28. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Growth and Development From Embryo to Fetus, continued Weeks 17 to 24 By week 17, the fetus can make faces. By week 23, the fetus’s movements may be quite vigorous! Weeks 25 to 36 At about 25 or 26 weeks, the fetus’s lungs are well developed. By the 32nd week, the fetus’s eyes are open and perceive light through the mother’s abdominal wall. Chapter 26

29. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Growth and Development Pregnancy Overview Chapter 26 Click below to watch the Visual Concept. You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Visual Concept

30. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Growth and Development Birth A full-term pregnancy usually lasts about 40 weeks. Typically, as birth begins, the mother’s uterus begins a series of muscular contractions called labor. Usually, these contractions push the fetus through the mother’s vagina, and the baby is born. Chapter 26

31. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Growth and Development From Birth to Death Infancy to Childhood Generally, infancy is the stage from birth to age 2. Childhood—another period of fast growth—lasts from age 2 to puberty. Adolescence The stage from puberty to adulthood is adolescence. During puberty, a person’s reproductive system becomes mature. Chapter 26

32. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Growth and Development From Birth to Death, continued Adulthood From about age 20 to age 40, you will be a young adult. Beginning around age 30, changes associated with aging begin. The aging process continues in middle age (between 40 and 65 years old). A person who is more than 65 years old is considered an older adult. Chapter 26

33. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu ResourcesChapter menuResourcesChapter menuResourcesChapter menuResourcesChapter menuResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Growth and Development Chapter 26

34. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Reproduction and Development Concept Map Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide. Chapter 26 fragmentation reproduction sexual reproduction internal fertilization an embryo zygote egg budding asexual reproduction

35. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu ResourcesChapter menuResourcesChapter menuResourcesChapter menuResourcesChapter menuResourcesChapter menu Concept Map Chapter 26

36. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu ResourcesChapter menuResourcesChapter menuResourcesChapter menuResourcesChapter menuResourcesChapter menu Concept Map Chapter 26

37. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu End of Chapter 26 Show

38. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Reading Read each of the passages. Then, answer the questions that follow each passage. Chapter 26 Standardized Test Preparation

39. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Passage 1 The male reproductive system is made up of internal and external organs. The external organs of this system are the penis and the scrotum. The scrotum is a skin-covered sac that hangs outside the body. Normal human body temperature is about 37°C. Normal sperm production and development cannot take place at that temperature. Continued on the next slide Chapter 26 Standardized Test Preparation

40. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Passage 1, continued Normal sperm production and development takes place at lower temperatures. That is why the testes rest in the scrotum, outside the body. The scrotum is about 2°C cooler than the body. Inside each testis are masses of tightly coiled tubes, called seminiferous tubules, in which sperm are produced when conditions are right. Chapter 26 Standardized Test Preparation

41. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. In this passage, what does the word external mean? A not part of the body B outside the body C inside the body D lasting a long time Chapter 26 Standardized Test Preparation

42. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. In this passage, what does the word external mean? A not part of the body B outside the body C inside the body D lasting a long time Chapter 26 Standardized Test Preparation

43. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. Which of the following statements is a fact according to the passage? F The temperature in the scrotum is higher than body temperature. G Testes are internal organs of the male reproductive system. H Normal sperm production cannot take place at normal body temperature. I Normal human body temperature is about 37°F. Chapter 26 Standardized Test Preparation

44. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. Which of the following statements is a fact according to the passage? F The temperature in the scrotum is higher than body temperature. G Testes are internal organs of the male reproductive system. H Normal sperm production cannot take place at normal body temperature. I Normal human body temperature is about 37°F. Chapter 26 Standardized Test Preparation

45. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. What are the tubes in which sperm are made called? A testes B scrotum C seminiferous tubules D external organs Chapter 26 Standardized Test Preparation

46. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. What are the tubes in which sperm are made called? A testes B scrotum C seminiferous tubules D external organs Chapter 26 Standardized Test Preparation

47. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Passage 2 In a normal pregnancy, the fertilized egg travels to the uterus and implants itself in the uterus’s wall. But, in about 7 out of 1,000 pregnancies in the United States, a woman has an ectopic pregnancy. The term ectopic is from two Greek words meaning “out of place.” In an ectopic pregnancy, the fertilized egg implants itself in an ovary, a fallopian tube, or another area of the female reproductive system that is not the lining of the uterus. Continued on the next slide Chapter 26 Standardized Test Preparation

48. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Passage 2, continued Because the zygote cannot develop properly outside of the uterus, an ectopic pregnancy can be very dangerous for both the mother and zygote. As the zygote grows, it causes the mother pain and bleeding. For example, an ectopic pregnancy in a fallopian tube can rupture the tube and cause abdominal bleeding. If an ectopic pregnancy is not treated quickly enough, the mother may die. Chapter 26 Standardized Test Preparation

49. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. In the passage, what does the term ectopic pregnancy probably mean? A a pregnancy that takes place at the wrong time B a type of pregnancy that happens about 7 out of 100 times in the United States C a type of pregnancy caused by a problem with a fallopian tube D a pregnancy in which the zygote implants itself in the wrong place Chapter 26 Standardized Test Preparation

50. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. In the passage, what does the term ectopic pregnancy probably mean? A a pregnancy that takes place at the wrong time B a type of pregnancy that happens about 7 out of 100 times in the United States C a type of pregnancy caused by a problem with a fallopian tube D a pregnancy in which the zygote implants itself in the wrong place Chapter 26 Standardized Test Preparation

51. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. Which of the following statements is a fact according to the passage? F Ectopic pregnancies take place in about 7% of all pregnancies. G The ectopic pregnancy rate in the United States is less than 1%. H Ectopic pregnancies take place in the uterus. I An ectopic pregnancy is harmless. Chapter 26 Standardized Test Preparation

52. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. Which of the following statements is a fact according to the passage? F Ectopic pregnancies take place in about 7% of all pregnancies. G The ectopic pregnancy rate in the United States is less than 1%. H Ectopic pregnancies take place in the uterus. I An ectopic pregnancy is harmless. Chapter 26 Standardized Test Preparation

53. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Interpreting Graphics Use these diagrams to answer the questions that follow. Chapter 26 Standardized Test Preparation

54. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. Which diagram of cell division would produce identical twins: A or B? A diagram B, because each egg is fertilized by a separate sperm cell B both diagram A and diagram B, because twins result in both cases C diagram A, because a single fertilized egg separates into two halves D diagram B, because two eggs are released by an ovary Chapter 26 Standardized Test Preparation

55. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 26 Standardized Test Preparation 1. Which diagram of cell division would produce identical twins: A or B? A diagram B, because each egg is fertilized by a separate sperm cell B both diagram A and diagram B, because twins result in both cases C diagram A, because a single fertilized egg separates into two halves D diagram B, because two eggs are released by an ovary

56. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. Which of the following could describe fraternal twins? F both boys G both girls H one girl and one boy I any of these combinations Chapter 26 Standardized Test Preparation

57. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. Which of the following could describe fraternal twins? F both boys G both girls H one girl and one boy I any of these combinations Chapter 26 Standardized Test Preparation

58. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. Which diagram of cell division could explain triplets, two of whom are identical and one of whom is fraternal? A diagram A B diagram B C either diagram A or diagram B D neither diagram A or diagram B Chapter 26 Standardized Test Preparation

59. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. Which diagram of cell division could explain triplets, two of whom are identical and one of whom is fraternal? A diagram A B diagram B C either diagram A or diagram B D neither diagram A or diagram B Chapter 26 Standardized Test Preparation

60. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Math Read each question, and choose the best answer. Chapter 26 Standardized Test Preparation

61. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. Identify the group that contains equivalent fractions, decimals, and percents. A 7/10, 0.7, 7% B 1/2, 0.5, 50% C 3/8, 0.38, 38% D 3/100, 0.3, 33% Chapter 26 Standardized Test Preparation

62. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. Identify the group that contains equivalent fractions, decimals, and percents. A 7/10, 0.7, 7% B 1/2, 0.5, 50% C 3/8, 0.38, 38% D 3/100, 0.3, 33% Chapter 26 Standardized Test Preparation

63. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. A geologist was exploring a cave. She spent 2.7 h exploring on Saturday and twice as many hours exploring on Sunday. Which equation could be used to find n, the total number of hours the geologist spent exploring the cave on those 2 days? F n  2  2.7 G n  2.7  (2  2.7) H n  2.7  2.7  2 I n  2  2.7 Chapter 26 Standardized Test Preparation

64. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. A geologist was exploring a cave. She spent 2.7 h exploring on Saturday and twice as many hours exploring on Sunday. Which equation could be used to find n, the total number of hours the geologist spent exploring the cave on those 2 days? F n  2  2.7 G n  2.7  (2  2.7) H n  2.7  2.7  2 I n  2  2.7 Chapter 26 Standardized Test Preparation

65. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. Which of the following story problems can be solved by the equation below? (60  70  68  80  x)  5  70 A The heights of four buildings in South Braintree are 60 ft, 70 ft, 68 ft, and 80 ft. Find x, the average height of the buildings. B The weights of four dogs Jason is raising are 60 lb, 70 lb, 68 lb, and 80 lb. Find x, the sum of the weights of the four dogs. Answer choices continued on the next slide Chapter 26 Standardized Test Preparation

66. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. Which of the following story problems can be solved by the equation below? (60  70  68  80  x)  5  70 Answer choices continued from previous slide C Kayla’s first four handmade bracelets sold for $60, $70, $68, and $80. Find x, the amount for which Kayla needs to sell her fifth bracelet to have an average selling price of $70. D The times it took Taylor to complete each of four 100 m practice swims were 60 s, 70 s, 68 s, and 80 s. Find x, the average time it took Taylor to complete his practice swims. Chapter 26 Standardized Test Preparation

67. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 26 Standardized Test Preparation 3. Which of the following story problems can be solved by the equation below? (60  70  68  80  x)  5  70 A The heights of four buildings in South Braintree are 60 ft, 70 ft, 68 ft, and 80 ft. Find x, the average height of the buildings. B The weights of four dogs Jason is raising are 60 lb, 70 lb, 68 lb, and 80 lb. Find x, the sum of the weights of the four dogs. Answer choices continued on the next slide

68. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 26 Standardized Test Preparation 3. Which of the following story problems can be solved by the equation below? (60  70  68  80  x)  5  70 Answer choices continued from previous slide C Kayla’s first four handmade bracelets sold for $60, $70, $68, and $80. Find x, the amount for which Kayla needs to sell her fifth bracelet to have an average selling price of $70. D The times it took Taylor to complete each of four 100 m practice swims were 60 s, 70 s, 68 s, and 80 s. Find x, the average time it took Taylor to complete his practice swims.

69. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Animal Reproduction Chapter 26

70. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Growth and Development Chapter 26

71. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Growth and Development Chapter 26

72. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 26 Standardized Test Preparation