1. Learning Chapter Six

2. Classical Conditioning Definition: a simple form of learning in which a stimulus (a trigger) produces a response (a desired reaction)

3. Ivan Pavlov’s Research 1.Taught a dog to salivate/ drool at the sound of a bell. 2.Dogs (and people) produce saliva to digest food. When we smell or see food, we often begin producing saliva.

4. 3.Pavlov rang a bell (the stimulus) when he fed the dog. Since the dog saw the food, he began to drool. 4.After a while, the bell alone made the dog drool (the response).

5. Taste Aversion We also learn to dislike certain foods. 1.If we become ill after eating something (perhaps it was spoiled), we often won’t want to eat that item again.

6. Operant Conditioning Definition: learning from the consequences of our actions If we like the consequences we will repeat the behavior, if we don’t we are more likely to avoid the behavior again.

7. Reinforcement Used to increase the chance that the behavior will happen again. Can be positive (we are given something we like following a certain behavior). Can be negative (we are given something we do not like following a certain behavior).

8. Cognitive Factors in Learning Remember—cognitive is what’s taking place in our minds; our thoughts. Latent Learning: remains hidden until it is needed. Observational Learning: we imitate others; there is thought (and concern) that we receive learning from the media.

9. The PQ4R Method This is a specific process designed to encourage learning.  P=Preview: skim through a chapter/section to see what the material will cover; glance at pictures, bold words, or titles.  Q=Question: create questions about what you just skimmed through.

10.  R=Read: read the material.  R=Reflect: make some connections with what you’re reading.  R=Recite: repeating information helps you remember it quickly.  R=Review: spend time each night reviewing instead of studying the entire content the night before a test.

11. Other Strategies What other learning strategies have you learned? Mnemonic Device: a word or words that stand for something else HOMES=the Great Lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, and Superior

12. Chapter 6 Review Give a new example of Classical Conditioning Give an example of a positive and a negative reinforcement Think of an example of both Latent and Observational Learning that you’ve experienced Apply the PQ4R Method to chapter 9—list out the letters and what you learned Give two examples of mnemonic devices